语法专题第二部分

1、考点一名词.语法填空考点聚焦考向1名词的单复数1The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed，the other is with mumshe never suspects.(2016·全国)答案days解析few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days每隔几天。2Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we

2、take short breaks regularly.(2016·全国)答案studies解析根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。3Any smell might attract natural (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.(2016·四川)答案enemies解析句意为：任何气味都可能引来天敌它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。4Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the lime

3、stone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese (painting)(2015·全国)答案paintings解析many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。考向2词形变换之名词1Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asias biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas ar

4、e its top (attract)(2016·全国)答案attraction解析空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。2Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (achieve)(2016·全国)答案achievement解析介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。3Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from r

5、oughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the (develop) of chopsticks.(2016·全国)答案development解析空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。4In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015·全国)答案ability解析形容词性物主代词their

6、之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1形容词或动词与名词词性混淆1My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .(2016·全国)解析考查名词作表语。由句意“他成功的关键是诚信”可知应当用名词形式。2This made for the in the porcelain industry.(2013·新课标全国)解析定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。3He has ruined his .(2013·辽宁)解析在形容词性物主

7、代词后应用名词，所以应把healthy改为health。考向2不可数名词与可数名词单复数形式错误1If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain we cannot get from books.(2016·全国)解析knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。2The teenage from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016·全国)解析此处指1319 岁的年龄，故用复数。3Mom has a full­time job，b

8、ut she has to do most of the .(2016·四川)解析housework是不可数名词，没有复数形式。4The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015·全国)解析由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。5As I told you last time，I made three new here.(2015·四川)解析名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把f

9、riend改成friends。6My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were made of glass.(2015·浙江)解析前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。考向3修饰词的使用错误1. rare animals are dying out.(2015·全国)解析animals为可数名词复数形式，所以用many修饰；much只能修饰不可数名词。故将Much改为Many。2We dont need to do so homework.(2014·新课标

10、全国)解析homework是不可数名词，修饰不可数名词用much不用many。考向4名词所有格的使用错误When I finally arrived at my he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·新课标全国)解析根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friends)时，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改为friends。考点二形容词.语法填空考点聚焦考向1词形变换之形容词1She was a very (care) mother.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find som

11、ething to eat！She would not let any other pandas come near.She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean.(2016·四川)答案caring/careful解析空格处修饰名词mother，故用形容词。care的形容词是caring(照料他人的)或careful(细心的)。在此，两个形容词在语意上都能讲得通。2As (nature) architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe wall

12、s needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015·全国)答案natural解析修饰名词architects，故要用形容词形式。3While there are (1) (amaze) stories of instant transformation，for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be (2) (patience)(2014

13、·新课标全国)答案(1)amazing(2)patient解析(1)此处用形容词修饰名词stories。amaze的形容词有两个：amazing令人惊讶的，令人吃惊的，一般主语为物；amazed吃惊的，惊奇的，一般主语为人。修饰物(stories)当然用amazing。(2)此处用形容词作be的表语。名词patience(耐心)的形容词形式是patient(有耐心的)。4There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint)(2014

14、83;新课标全国)答案disappointed解析本句的主语是some of them，此处and连接两个并列成分，再结合前面的形容词anxious可知，此处也应该填一个形容词。故此处用disappointed表示“他们中有些人感到失望”。5I cannot control my body well.My legs become (pain)(2014·辽宁)答案painful解析become是系动词，后面需要接形容词作表语。名词pain的形容词形式是painful。考向2形容词的比较等级1If you feel stressed by responsibilities at wor

15、k，you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of (great) and less importance.(2016·全国)答案greater解析根据后面的and less可知，此处也要用比较级形式。2Finally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is (clean) than ever.(2014·新课标全国)答案cleaner解析从后面的than可知此处要用比较级，因此要用cleaner。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1

16、副词与形容词词性混淆1At one time，I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be from them.(2016·全国)解析此处应用形容词作表语。2Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very problem.(2015·全国)解析名词前应该用形容词作定语。故seriously应改为serious。3I thought the biscuits were really .(201

17、5·陕西)解析本句句意为：我认为饼干真的很好。good作形容词，意为“好的”，而well作形容词意为“健康的，适宜的”。由句意可知此处应用good。4The teachers here are kind and .(2014·新课标全国)解析由and连接两个并列成分可知，helpful与kind为形容词作表语。考向2形容词的比较等级的使用错误1They were also the best and years in my life.(2016·全国)解析与前面的best并列，此处应用最高级。2The dishes that I cooked were Moms .

18、(2016·四川)解析favorite没有比较级和最高级。3My mum makes the biscuits in the world，so I decided to ask her for help.(2015·陕西)解析后面有表示范围的in the world，所以应该用形容词的最高级。故better改为best。考向3名词或动词与形容词词性混淆1The fruits are small in size，but juicy and .(2014·新课标全国)解析句中的small，juicy与taste并列，所以应该都用形容词，故将taste改为tasty。2

19、I noticed that the carriage was and filled with people.(2014·浙江) 解析由and连接两个并列成分， 词性要一致，及后面的filled可知，要将noise改为noisy。考点三副词.语法填空考点聚焦考向1修饰动词(短语)的副词1From tomorrow，I will be their UK ambassador.The title will be (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016·全国)答案officially解析修饰谓语动词应当用副词。2F

20、ood in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which (gradual) turned into chopsticks.(2016·全国)答案gradually解析此处应用副词修饰动词。3The giant panda is loved by people throughout the world.Chinese scientists (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.(2016·四川)答案recentl

21、y解析空格处修饰动词短语had a chance，应用副词。recent的副词是recently。4Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015·全国)答案regularly解析空格处修饰谓语动词arrange，要用其副词形式。故填regularly。5Walls made of adobe take in the heat from

22、 the sun on hot days and give out that heat (slow)during cool nights，thus warming the house.(2015·全国)答案 slowly解析由土坯制成的墙壁在炎热的白天吸收太阳的热量并在凉爽的夜间慢慢将热量释放出来。修饰谓语动词give out，因此要用副词形式。6The river was so polluted that it (actual)caught fire and burned.(2014·新课标全国)答案actually解析空格处修饰动词caught和burned，故用副词形

23、式actually。7Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done，and the crowd of strangers (sudden) became friendly to one another.(2014·新课标全国)答案suddenly解析由空格后面的动词became可知，此处应用sudden的副词形式来修饰动词，因此填suddenly。考向2修饰句子以及修饰形容词的副词1He owned a farm，which looked almost abandoned. (lucky)，he also

24、had a cow which produced milk every day.(2015·广东)答案Luckily解析句意为：幸运的是，他还有一头奶牛，每天都能产奶。luckily副词，幸运的是，这里用副词形式修饰整个句子。2When we were wondering what to do，the manager came out.She was (surprise) helpful.(2014·广东)答案surprisingly解析此处是动词转换为副词。helpful为形容词，要由副词来修饰。surprise先转换成形容词surprising，再转换成副词surpri

25、singly。考向3副词的比较等级1After our plane landed，we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months (early)，but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.(2014·广东)答案earlier解析由had made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前，故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了，故用比较级earlier。2The (hard) you try to beat him，the more likely y

26、ou will get hit.(2014·辽宁)答案harder解析这里是“the比较级.，the比较级.”句式，表示“越就越”。故填harder。.短文改错考点聚焦(每小题1处错误)考向1形容词与副词词性混淆1Instead，he hopes that his business will grow .(2016·全国)解析修饰谓语动词用副词。2Dad and I were worried.(2015·全国)解析worried为形容词化了的过去分词，修饰形容词应该用副词，所以将terrible改为terribly。3On the left­hand s

27、ide of the class，I could see the football field.(2015·浙江)解析修饰动词see要用副词，故将easy改为easily。考向2易混淆副词的错用1When I was a very young child，my father created a regular practice I remember well years .(2016·浙江)解析late是形容词“迟的”，或副词“迟地”，但是“一段时间后面应该接later”，表示“时间以后”。故late改成later。2Nearly five years ，and with

28、the help of our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden.(2014·新课标全国)解析相对于说话时以前用ago；相对于过去的某个时间或动作之前才用before。故before改为ago。3As a result，the plants are growing .(2014·新课标全国)解析somewhere意为“某处”，而句意为“植物到处生长”，故somewhere应改为everywhere。考向3特殊结构中的副词错用He liked it so ve

29、ry much that he quickly walked into the shop.(2015·全国)解析此处为so.that.句式，所以much前用副词so修饰。故删除very。一、名词、形容词和副词在语法填空中的考查在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词形变换；形容词和副词相关的词形变换以及形容词和副词的比较等级考查较为频繁。应对策略1首先要弄清名词的数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词形变换。2作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。注意常考动词

30、分词的形容词化，其形容词的形式有：­ing结尾的和­ed 结尾的两种。3若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较等级或最高级；注意than或比较级的修饰词等标志性词或上下文中暗含的比较；其次还要注意一些特殊句式，如：the比较级.，the比较级.，“否定词(cant/couldnt)比较级”表示最高级等。二、名词、形容词和副词在短文改错中的考查短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格；其次名词的考查还会涉及词形变换方面的错误。对于形容词和副词的考查主要涉及词性混乱或错用(含­ed形容词与­ing形容词之间的误用)、修饰词错用或多余以及比较等级

31、的误用等方面。应对策略1遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。2对于形容词和副词的考查，注意以下几点：(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词；(2)作状语，修饰动词、形容词、全句，用副词；(3)注意比较级与最高级的比较对象或范围；单音节形容词的比较级前，不可再加more；(4)注意many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修饰词的用法。专题1名词名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名

32、词集体名词表示若干个人或物的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称名词的核心考点1可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriendboyfriends，go­betweengo­betweens(中间人)，grown­upgrown­up

33、s。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”、“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of，many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，jeans牛仔裤，pajamas睡衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，socks短袜，stockings长袜，trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，chopsticks筷子，compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，a p

34、air of等修饰，只能用many，a great many, a lot of等修饰。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝贺，contents目录，earnings收入，fireworks烟火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛劳，spirits情绪，savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名

35、词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour赢得荣誉an

36、 honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure一个失败者/一件失败的事by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a

37、 novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3名词所有格(1)­s所有格the boys mother，the childrens toys，t

38、he teachers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)(4)­s所有格的特殊

39、表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory等。用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有关系 Jacks brother表主谓关系

40、Mr Wangs praise表动宾关系 the famous stars admirers表修饰关系 a doctors degree表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.My brother is a worker.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。分类意义air pollutio

41、n空气污染boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk接待台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位语Tom，our monitor，le

42、ft school last year.题组训练.单句语法填空1He had witnessed too many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.2Apples new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail)3I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday a

43、fternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this performance(perform)4Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants.5These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work.6They get advic

44、e from “strangers(strange)”When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know.7My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.8Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine.9Why do you choose to work in an intern

45、ational travel agency?Well，you know，English is my strength(strong)So it is my best choice.10I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.单句改错(每小题1处错误)1Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish.2You told me the of differe

46、nt plants and their characteristics.3Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before.4The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .5Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home.6From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each o

47、f my .7We，as well as ，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.8In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per .9Tom was having much getting up in the morning and was always late for work.10I felt very strange to travel without

48、any .语法填空(名词专练)Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu­How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA)But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to im

49、agine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become 5.a success and attracted the worlds attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud)As we know，in most 8.peoples(people) eyes，

50、Jeremy is a miracle.In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.书面表达中名词易错点聚焦1书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏­s或­es(误)Id love to make friend with

51、you.(误)All the picture displayed are of great value.2部分名词的复数变化错误如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3部分词性易混作名词动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数take actiontake measuressome advicesome suggestionstak

52、e exerciseeye exercisesmake progressmake mistakesinformationcontributions专题2形容词和副词形容词和副词的功能1形容词的功能：形容词主要是用来修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质、特征、状态，在句中：作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等；作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征；作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征；作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。作独立成分。2副词的功能：副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。形容词和副词的核心考点1形容词和副词的位置形容词是用

53、来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则是用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子的，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：(1)形容词短语作定语，须后置。a task difficult to finish(2)表语形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well，faint，ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体或精神上“不适的”“不健康的”“有病的”等，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时

54、，通常只作定语。Hes been ill since then.By ill luck，my flight had been cancelled.(3)形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。I have something important to tell you.(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。(5)enough修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。We had a good time

55、together outdoors last Sunday.(7)频度副词如often，always，usually等放在be动词后，行为动词前。(8)副词作定语，须后置。The person there is waiting for you.(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)年龄或新旧词颜色词产地或来源词材料或种类词用途词名词。a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella(10)以­ly结尾的词性辨析。下列单词

56、以­ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely等。表原意(无­ly)和引申意(有­ly)的副词：有无­ly意义大不相同的副词：2形容词和副词的比较等级(1)原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数as原级形容词/副词as”的结构。Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.This building looks not so/as high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.This room is three times as large as that one.(2)比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词