数学专业英语论文含中文版

1、1. Introduction and main resultsIn this paper, we shall assume that the reader is familiar with the fundamental results and the stardard notations of the Nevanlinna's value distribution theory of meromorphic functions 12, 14, 16. In addition, we will use the notation，and to denote respectively t

2、he order of growth, the lower order of growth and the exponent of convergence of the zeros of a meromorphic function ，（see 8），the e-type order of f(z), is defined to be Similarly, ，the e-type exponent of convergence of the zeros of meromorphic function , is defined to beWe say thathas regular order

3、of growth if a meromorphic functionsatisfiesWe consider the second order linear differential equationWhere is a periodic entire function with period . The complex oscillation theory of (1.1) was first investigated by Bank and Laine 6. Studies concerning (1.1) have een carried on and various oscillat

4、ion theorems have been obtained 211, 13, 1719. Whenis rational in ，Bank and Laine 6 proved the following theoremTheorem A Letbe a periodic entire function with period and rational in .Ifhas poles of odd order at both and , then for every solutionof (1.1), Bank 5 generalized this result: The above co

5、nclusion still holds if we just suppose that both and are poles of, and at least one is of odd order. In addition, the stronger conclusion (1.2)holds. Whenis transcendental in, Gao 10 proved the following theoremTheorem B Let ,whereis a transcendental entire function with, is an odd positive integer

6、 and，Let .Then any non-trivia solution of (1.1) must have. In fact, the stronger conclusion (1.2) holds.An example was given in 10 showing that Theorem B does not hold when is any positive integer. If the order , but is not a positive integer, what can we say? Chiang and Gao 8 obtained the following

7、 theoremsTheorem 1 Let ,where,andare entire functions withtranscendental andnot equal to a positive integer or infinity, andarbitrary. If Some properties of solutions of periodic second order linear differential equations and are two linearly independent solutions of (1.1), thenOrWe remark that the

8、conclusion of Theorem 1 remains valid if we assumeis not equal to a positive integer or infinity, andarbitrary and still assume,In the case whenis transcendental with its lower order not equal to an integer or infinity andis arbitrary, we need only to consider in,.Corollary 1 Let,where,andareentire

9、functions with transcendental and no more than 1/2, and arbitrary.(a) If f is a non-trivial solution of (1.1) with,then and are linearly dependent.(b) Ifandare any two linearly independent solutions of (1.1), then.Theorem 2 Letbe a transcendental entire function and its lower order be no more than 1

10、/2. Let,whereand p is an odd positive integer, then for each non-trivial solution f to (1.1). In fact, the stronger conclusion (1.2) holds. We remark that the above conclusion remains valid ifWe note that Theorem 2 generalizes Theorem D whenis a positive integer or infinity but . Combining Theorem D

11、 with Theorem 2, we haveCorollary 2 Letbe a transcendental entire function. Let where and p is an odd positive integer. Suppose that either (i) or (ii) below holds:(i) is not a positive integer or infinity;(ii) ;thenfor each non-trivial solution f to (1.1). In fact, the stronger conclusion (1.2) hol

12、ds.2. Lemmas for the proofs of TheoremsLemma 1 (7) Suppose thatand thatare entire functions of period,and that f is a non-trivial solution ofSuppose further that f satisfies; that is non-constant and rational in，and that if，thenare constants. Then there exists an integer q with such that and are lin

13、early dependent. The same conclusion holds ifis transcendental in，and f satisfies，and if ，then asthrough a setof infinite measure, we havefor.Lemma 2 (10) Letbe a periodic entire function with periodand be transcendental in, is transcendental and analytic on.Ifhas a pole of odd order at or(including

14、 those which can be changed into this case by varying the period of and. (1.1) has a solutionwhich satisfies , then and are linearly independent.3. Proofs of main resultsThe proof of main results are based on 8 and 15.Proof of Theorem 1 Let us assume.Since and are linearly independent, Lemma 1 impli

15、es that and must be linearly dependent. Let,Thensatisfies the differential equation, (2.1)Where is the Wronskian ofand(see 12, p. 5 or 1, p. 354), andor some non-zero constant.Clearly, and are both periodic functions with period,whileis periodic by definition. Hence (2.1) shows thatis also periodic

16、with period .Thus we can find an analytic functionin,so thatSubstituting this expression into (2.1) yields (2.2)Since bothand are analytic in,the Valiron theory 21, p. 15 gives their representations as， （2.3）where，are some integers, andare functions that are analytic and non-vanishing on ，and are en

17、tire functions. Following the same arguments as used in 8, we have， （2.4）where.Furthermore, the following properties hold 8,Where (resp, ) is defined to be(resp, ),Some properties of solutions of periodic second order linear differential equationswhere(resp. denotes a counting function that only cou

18、nts the zeros of in the right-half plane (resp. in the left-half plane), is the exponent of convergence of the zeros of in, which is defined to beRecall the condition ,we obtain.Now substituting (2.3) into (2.2) yields （2.5）Proof of Corollary 1 We can easily deduce Corollary 1 (a) from Theorem 1 .Pr

19、oof of Corollary 1 (b). Supposeandare linearly independent and,then,and .We deduce from the conclusion of Corollary 1 (a) thatand are linearly dependent, j = 1; 2. Let.Then we can find a non-zero constant such that.Repeating the same arguments as used in Theorem 1 by using the fact that is also peri

20、odic, we obtain,a contradiction since .Hence .Proof of Theorem 2 Suppose there exists a non-trivial solution f of (1.1) that satisfies . We deduce , so and are linearly dependent by Corollary 1 (a). However, Lemma 2 implies that andare linearly independent. This is a contradiction. Hence holds for e

21、ach non-trivial solution f of (1.1). This completes the proof of Theorem 2.Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the referees for helpful suggestions to improve this paper.References1 ARSCOTT F M. Periodic Di®erential Equations M. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1964.2 BAESCH A. On the e

22、xplicit determination of certain solutions of periodic differential equations of higher order J. Results Math., 1996, 29(1-2): 4255.3 BAESCH A, STEINMETZ N. Exceptional solutions of nth order periodic linear differential equations J.Complex Variables Theory Appl., 1997, 34(1-2): 717.4 BANK S B. On t

23、he explicit determination of certain solutions of periodic differential equations J. Complex Variables Theory Appl., 1993, 23(1-2): 101121.5 BANK S B. Three results in the value-distribution theory of solutions of linear differential equations J.Kodai Math. J., 1986, 9(2): 225240.6 BANK S B, LAINE I

24、. Representations of solutions of periodic second order linear differential equations J. J. Reine Angew. Math., 1983, 344: 121.7 BANK S B, LANGLEY J K. Oscillation theorems for higher order linear differential equations with entire periodic coe±cients J. Comment. Math. Univ. St. Paul., 1992, 41

25、(1): 6585.8 CHIANG Y M, GAO Shi'an. On a problem in complex oscillation theory of periodic second order lineardifferential equations and some related perturbation results J. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math., 2002, 27(2):273290.一些周期性的二阶线性微分方程解的方法1 简介和主要成果在本文中，我们假设读者熟悉的函数的数值分布理论12，14，16的基本成果和数学符号。此外，我们

26、将使用的符号，and ，表示的顺序分别增长，低增长的一个纯函数的零点收敛指数，（8），E型的f(z)，被定义为同样，E型的亚纯函数的零点收敛指数，被定义为我们说，如果一个亚纯函数满足增长的正常秩序我们考虑的二阶线性微分方程在是一个整函数在。在（1.1）的反复波动理论的第一次探讨中由银行和莱恩6。已经进行了研究在（1.1）中，并已取得各种波动定理在211，13，1719。在函数中正确的，银行和莱恩6证明了如下定理定理A设这函数是一个周期性函数，周期为在整个函数存在。如果有奇数阶极点在和，然后对于任何一个结果答案在(1.1)中广义这样的结果：上述结论仍然认为，如果我们只是假设，既和的极点，并且至少

27、有一个是奇数阶。此外，较强的结论 （1.2）认为。当是超越在，高10证明了如下定理定理B设，其中是一个超越整函数与，是奇正整并且，设，那么任何微分解在（1.1）的函数必须有。事实上，在（1.2）已经有证明的结论。是在10一个例子表明当定理B不成立时，是任意正整数。如果在另一方面，但如果没有一个正整数，我们可以说些什么呢？蒋和高8得到以下定理定理1设，其中，和先验和不等于一个正整数或无穷，任意整函数。如果定期二阶线性微分方程和的解不是一些属性是两个线性无关的解在（1.1），然后或者我们的说法，定理1的结论仍然有效，如果我们假设函数不等于一个正整数或无穷大，任意和承担的情况下，当其低阶不等于一个整

28、数或无穷超然是任意的，我们只需要考虑在，。推论1设，其中，函数和函数是整个先验和不超过1 / 2，并且任意的。（一） 如果函数f是一个非平凡解在（1.1）中，那么和是线性相关。（二） 如果和是两个线性无关解在（1.1）中，那么。定理2设是一个超越整函数及其低阶不超过1 / 2。设，其中和p是一个奇正整数，则为每个非平凡解F到在（1.1）中。事实上，在（1.2）中证明正确的结论。  我们注意到，上述结论仍然有效的假设我们注意到，我们得出定理2推广定理D，当是一个正整数或无穷，但结合定理2定理的研究。推论2设是一个超越整函数。设，其中和p是一个奇正整数。假设要么（一）或（二）中

29、认为：（一）不是正整数或无穷;（二）然后为每一个非平凡解在（1.1）中函数f对于。事实上，在（1.2）中已经有证明的结论。2 引理为定理的证明引理1（7），和的假设是整个周期，并且函数f是有一个非平凡解进一步假设函数f满足;，是在非恒定和理性的，而且，如果，且是常数。则存在一个整数q与 ，和是线性相关。相同的结论认为，如果是超越，和f满足，如果，然后通过一个无限措施的集合为，且引理2（10）设是一个周期为在（包括那些可以改变这种情况下极奇数阶设是定期与整函数周期在的先验。在（1.1）中由不同的时期，有一个满足，那么和是线性无关的解。3主要结果的证明主要结果的证明的基础上8和15。定理1的证明让

30、我们假设。正弦和是线性无关的，引理1意味着和必须是线性相关的。设，则满足微分方程, (2.1)其中是和(见12, p. 5 or 1, p. 354)，且或某些非零的常数。显然，和是两个周期，而是定义函数。在（2.1），也定期与周期。因此，我们可以找到一个解析函数在，使代入（2.1）得这种表达 (2.2)由于和在，理论21，p.15给出了他们的结论， （2.3）其中，是一些整数，和函数分析和上非零，和是整函数。按照相同的 8中，我们得出， （2.4）其中，此外，下列结论由8得,其中是定义为(resp,),定期二阶线性微分方程解的一些性质其中，(resp. 表示一个计数功能，只计算在右半平面的零

31、点（在左半平面），是在的零点收敛指数，它的定义为由条件，我们得到。现在（2.3）代入（2.2）中 （2.5）推论1的证明我们可以很容易地推导出定理1的推论1（一）推论1的证明（B）。假设和与线性无关，那么，我们证明推论1的结论（一），与线性相关，J =1;2。假设，然后我们可以找到的一个非零的常数，重复同样的论点定理1中使用的事实，也是能找到，我们得到与自矛盾，因此。定理2的证明假设存在一个非平凡解的f在（1.1）中，满足。我们推断，和的线性依赖推论1（a）。然而，引理2意味着和是线性无关的。这是一对矛盾。因此，认为都有非平凡解的F在（1.1）中，这就完成了定理2的证明。CONTROLLABI

32、LITY OF NEUTRAL FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH INFINITE DELAYAbstract In this article, we give sucient conditions for controllability of some partial neutral functional dierential equations with innite delay. We suppose that the linear part is not necessarily densely dened but satises the re

33、solvent estimates of the Hille-Yosida theorem. The results are obtained using the integrated semigroups theory. An application is given to illustrate our abstract result.Key words Controllability; integrated semigroup; integral solution; innity delay1 IntroductionIn this article, we establish a resu

34、lt about controllability to the following class of partial neutral functional dierential equations with innite delay: (1)where the state variabletakes values in a Banach spaceand the control is given in ,the Banach space of admissible control functions with U a Banach space. C is a bounded linear op

35、erator from U into E, A : D(A) E E is a linear operator on E, B is the phase space of functions mapping (, 0 into E, which will be specied later, D is a bounded linear operator from B into E dened byis a bounded linear operator from B into E and for each x : (, T E, T > 0, and t 0, T , xt represe

36、nts, as usual, the mapping from (, 0 into E dened byF is an E-valued nonlinear continuous mapping on.The problem of controllability of linear and nonlinear systems represented by ODE in nit dimensional space was extensively studied. Many authors extended the controllability concept to innite dimensi

37、onal systems in Banach space with unbounded operators. Up to now, there are a lot of works on this topic, see, for example, 4, 7, 10, 21. There are many systems that can be written as abstract neutral evolution equations with innite delay to study 23. In recent years, the theory of neutral functiona

38、l dierential equations with innite delay in innite dimension was developed and it is still a eld of research (see, for instance, 2, 9, 14, 15 and the references therein). Meanwhile, the controllability problem of such systems was also discussed by many mathematicians, see, for example, 5, 8. The obj

39、ective of this article is to discuss the controllability for Eq. (1), where the linear part is supposed to be non-densely dened but satises the resolvent estimates of the Hille-Yosida theorem. We shall assume conditions that assure global existence and give the sucient conditions for controllability

40、 of some partial neutral functional dierential equations with innite delay. The results are obtained using the integrated semigroups theory and Banach xed point theorem. Besides, we make use of the notion of integral solution and we do not use the analytic semigroups theory.Treating equations with i

41、nnite delay such as Eq. (1), we need to introduce the phase space B. To avoid repetitions and understand the interesting properties of the phase space, suppose that is a (semi)normed abstract linear space of functions mapping (, 0 into E, and satises the following fundamental axioms that were rst in

42、troduced in 13 and widely discussed in 16.(A) There exist a positive constant H and functions K(.), M(.):,with K continuous and M locally bounded, such that, for any and ,if x : (, + a E, and is continuous on , +a, then, for every t in , +a, the following conditions hold:(i) ,(ii) ,which is equivale

43、nt to or every(iii) (A) For the function in (A), t xt is a B-valued continuous function for t in , + a.(B) The space B is complete. Throughout this article, we also assume that the operator A satises the Hille-Yosida condition :(H1) There exist and ，such that and （2）Let A0 be the part of operator A

44、in dened byIt is well known that and the operator generates a strongly continuous semigroup on .Recall that 19 for all and ,one has and .We also recall that coincides on with the derivative of the locally Lipschitz integrated semigroup generated by A on E, which is, according to 3, 17, 18, a family

45、of bounded linear operators on E, that satises(i) S(0) = 0,(ii) for any y E, t S(t)y is strongly continuous with values in E,(iii) for all t, s 0, and for any > 0 there exists a constant l() > 0, such that or all t, s 0, .The C0-semigroup is exponentially bounded, that is, there exist two cons

46、tants and ,such that for all t 0. Notice that the controllability of a class of non-densely dened functional dierential equations was studied in 12 in the nite delay case.2 Main Results We start with introducing the following denition.Denition 1 Let T > 0 and B. We consider the following denition

47、.We say that a function x := x(., ) : (, T ) E, 0 < T +, is an integral solution of Eq. (1) if(i) x is continuous on 0, T ) ,(ii) for t 0, T ) ,(iii) for t 0, T ) ,(iv) for all t (, 0.We deduce from 1 and 22 that integral solutions of Eq. (1) are given for B, such that by the following system (3)

48、Where.To obtain global existence and uniqueness, we supposed as in 1 that(H2).(H3)is continuous and there exists > 0, such thatfor 1, 2 B and t 0. (4)Using Theorem 7 in 1, we obtain the following result.Theorem 1Assume that (H1), (H2), and (H3) hold. Let B such that D D(A). Then, there exists a u

49、nique integral solution x(., ) of Eq. (1), dened on (,+) .Denition 2Under the above conditions, Eq. (1) is said to be controllable on theinterval J = 0, , > 0, if for every initial function B with D D(A) and for anye1 D(A), there exists a control u L2(J,U), such that the solution x(.) of Eq. (1)

50、satises.Theorem 2Suppose that(H1), (H2), and (H3) hold. Let x(.) be the integral solution ofEq. (1) on (, ) , > 0, and assume that (see 20) the linear operator W from U into D(A)dened by， （5）nduces an invertible operatoron ，such that there exist positive constantsand satisfyingand ，then, Eq. (1)

51、is controllable on J providedthat， （6）Where.ProofFollowing 1, when the integral solution x(.) of Eq. (1) exists on (, ) , > 0, it is given for all t 0, byOr Then, an arbitrary integral solution x(.) of Eq. (1) on (, ) , > 0, satises x() = e1 if andonly ifThis implies that, by use of (5), it su

52、ces to take, for all t J,in order to have x() = e1. Hence, we must take the control as above, and consequently, theproof is reduced to the existence of the integral solution given for all t 0, byWithout loss of generality, suppose that 0. Using similar arguments as in 1, we can seehat, for every,and

53、 t 0, ,As K is continuous and,we can choose > 0 small enough, such that.Then, P is a strict contraction in,and the xed point of P gives the unique integralolution x(., ) on (, that veries x() = e1.Remark 1Suppose that all linear operators W from U into D(A) dened by0 a < b T, T > 0, induce

54、invertible operatorson,such that thereexist positive constants N1 and N2 satisfying and ,taking,N large enough and following 1. A similar argument as the above proof can be used inductivelyin,to see that Eq. (1) is controllable on 0, T for all T > 0.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank

55、 Prof. Khalil Ezzinbi and Prof.Pierre Magal for the fruitful discussions.References1 Adimy M, Bouzahir H, Ezzinbi K. Existence and stability for some partial neutral functional dierentialequations with innite delay. J Math Anal Appl, 2004, 294: 4384612 Adimy M, Ezzinbi K. A class of linear partial n

56、eutral functional dierential equations with nondensedomain. J Dif Eq, 1998, 147: 2853323 Arendt W. Resolvent positive operators and integrated semigroups. Proc London Math Soc, 1987, 54(3):3213494 Atmania R, Mazouzi S. Controllability of semilinear integrodierential equations with nonlocal conditions.Electronic J of Di Eq, 2005, 2005: 195 Balachandran K, Anandhi E R. Controllability of neutral integrodierential innite delay systems in Banach spaces. Taiwane