新西兰文化(英文)PPT

1、New ZealandRugged LandFiordlandNorway?Scotland?Hawaii / Japan?Italy?Middle-EarthUnique EnvironmentTemperate climateIsolation e.g. almost no land mammals; 80% of plants unique to NZ Flightless birds e.g. Kiwi, parrot, penguins (Maoris hunted Moa to extinction)The Resource Management Act 1991South Isl

2、and: mountainous / North Island: volcanicKiwiMoaSettlementUninhabited till:1000-1200: Maori from Polynesia1642: Tasman from Holland1762: Captain Cook from UK19th C: UK colonists arriveNation BuildingEarly 19th C - whalers, traders and missionaries arrive. Buying of guns causes inter-tribal wars.1840

3、 lawless behaviour and conflict among the 2000 Europeans and 115,000 Maori. British govt intervenes: persuades 500 chiefs to sign sovereignty to the UK in return for a guarantee of land rights (now disputed).1860s gold rush, land conflictsMaori pop. falls to 42,000 by 1896 (disease, fighting), then

4、recovers.1907 New Zealand recognised by the UK as a nationThe Treaty of Waitangi, 1840 PopulationPop. 4 m (low density)80% now live in urban areas (incl. Maori) live on the North Island; 1/3 in AucklandPolitical System1879: all men permitted to vote1893: women allowed to vote (1st in the world)Curre

5、nt PM (Helen Clark Labour Party)UK-style parliamentary system but.1996: proportional representation (resulting in multi-party coalitions) (each voter receives two votes one for an individual, one for a party)3 year parliamentary term6 MPs (total: 150) are for Maori voters onlyEconomyEfficient agricu

6、lture: 80,000 farmers; 50m sheep; 8m cattleRefrigerated exports start in late 19th CDependent on agricultural exports to the UK until 1970s (UK entered EU)1984 Thatcherite style policies (deregulation, subsidies cut, privatisation etc)Diversification of the economyForeign PolicyFollow Britain: decla

7、red war on Germany in 1939Moving towards the US ANZUS treaty 1951 with US and AustraliaVietnam reluctantly sent a small force in 1966-71Nuclear free 1984 NZ banned nuclear ships (US suspended ANZUS)Greenpeaces Rainbow Warrior bombed by French agents (1985) before French nuclear testOpposed the Iraq

8、warMaori RightsMore powerful than Australian AboriginesLow point in late 19th C1970s revival Waitangi Tribunal set up to deal with Maori land rights disputes2004 Maori TV set upMaoris who can speak Maori (%)Maoris in higher educationMaori Life ExpectancySportNew Flag?Or apathy?SummaryUnique, isolate

9、d environment; temperate climate but mountainous, volcanic land.Inhabited very late: Maori arrived from Polynesia in the 11th C; British settlers arrived in the early 19th C.Early New Zealand colony established by treaty (1840). Maori suffer in the late 19th C land wars (and from disease) but recover in 20th C. From 1970s, Maori rights begin to get greater recognition. A Little Britain economically and culturally linked to the UK till the 1970s. Modern NZ market-oriented, e