词汇学复习重点(精心挑选整理过的)

1、Motivation of words分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical & lexical ; conceptual & associative (connotative, stylistic, affective , collocative ,) Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had wh

2、en it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are abs

3、olute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute s

4、ynonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.3. Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects an

5、d regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 4. What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms dif

6、fer in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 5. 同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or

7、identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homophones refer to th

8、e words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning6. 上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote tho

9、se more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but

10、superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 7. 词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in mea

11、ning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).8. 词义的扩大 Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broad

12、er or less 9. Definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by

13、 which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern tim

14、es, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 10. 语境的种类:非语言语境。语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境。There are two types of con

15、texts: linguistic context and extra-linguistic (or non-linguistic context). Extra-linguistic context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. Linguistic or Int

16、ra-linguistic context is further subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. By lexical context we mean the words that occur together with the word in question. By grammatical context we mean that the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. 11. 语境的作用：Th

17、ree major functions of context: elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. Context an be summed up as follows:1) definition 2) explanation 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy 6)hyponymy 7) relevant details 8) word structure 12. 英语习语的特点The charact

18、eristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability. 13. 英语习语的分类According to the criterion of their grammatical functions, we classify them into idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms. The stylist

19、ic features are characterized with colloquialisms, slang, and literary expressions. 14. 英语习语的使用The use of idioms involves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and variations of idioms. 15. 英语习语的修辞色彩The rhetorical features of idioms are represented with phonetic manipulation ( alliteration

20、 头韵法and rhyme叠韵) , lexical manipulation ( reiteration复用, repetition重复and juxtaposition反义词叠用), figures of speech ( simile明喻, metaphor暗喻, metonymy转喻, synecdoche借代, personification拟人, euphemism委婉) 16. 英语习语的变异形式In the variations, addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting and dismembering are in

21、volved in the changes in idioms constituents . 17. Associative meaning : 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as cu

22、lture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 词典的种类There are four types of dictionaries with their features mentioned in this parts: (1) monolingual and bilingual di

23、ctionaries, (2) linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries, (3) unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries, (4) specialized dictionaries. A monolingual dictionary is a dictionary which is written in one language. 18. A bilingual dictionary is one in which two languages are involved. 19. A linguistic dic

24、tionary is a dictionary which aims at defining words and explaining their usages in the language.20. An encyclopedic dictionary is one in which encyclopedic information is provided along with the general information as in a linguistic dictionary. 21. An encyclopedia is a dictionary which only provid

25、es encyclopedic information concerning each headword. 22. An unabridged dictionary is an unshortened dictionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can supply a great quantity of basic, information about a word. 23. A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary containing words ranging from 50,000

26、 to 150,000.24. A pocket dictionary is a dictionary which has about 50,000 entries or fewer. 第一章 37.What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词

27、的名词解释 39.What is the relationship between sound and meaning? 1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. Cat 2)The relationship between them is conventional. 3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 40.What is relationship

28、 between sound and form?1) The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2) This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old EnglishWith the development of the language,

29、 more and more differences occur between the two. 43.What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discip

30、line and the words possessed by an individual person. 47.What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability49.根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2

31、) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference 50.Which co

32、nstitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germ

33、an tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 51.什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) wo

34、rds taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borro

35、wed. 60.Three main sources of new words :1) The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language 61.Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的Semantic l

36、oans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 .重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially

37、trueof American English.67.据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000 他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。 Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known

38、 as morphemes. In other words, the morphemes is the smallest functioning unit in composition of words what are the types of morphemes ? 答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes 。 79.Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free.2) These morphemes ha

39、ve complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free rootwords ,as each of them consists of a single free root 4) free morphemes are free roots. 80.bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes whi

40、ch cannot occur as separate words are bound. 2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relations

41、hips are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be f

42、urther analyzed without total loss of identity. 2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word 3) a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been83. removed. 问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种? 答案：有七种:1) Affixat

43、ion 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending有三种最常用: affixation , compounding and conversionwhat are the characteristics of compounds ?What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features2) Semantic features3) Grammatical features 最

44、常见的三种词性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds 84. 问题：blending 分为哪四类合成词？1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail 85. 问题: 绝大多数blending 都是什么词性?答案：nouns，The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 86. 问题：截短法cli

45、pping 分为哪四类？答案：There are four common types of clipping :1) Front clipping2) Back clipping3) Front and back clipping4) Phrase clipping要注意clipping 的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge ( refrigerator 截短之后在i, g 中间加一个d ) , 还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola) 问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition 第五章：Word Meaning The meanings ofM

46、eaning 指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分: What are the meanings of Meaning?1) Reference (有reference 的词必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept ) 2) Concept( 能够形成Concept 的词必然有reference ) 3) Sense (有sense 的词未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference) (Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有sense 的词,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：i

47、f, but, probably : 它们有sense, 但没有concept )Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, refle

48、cting the objective world in the human mind . 3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. sense 的名词解释：Sense : 1. sense denotes the relationships inside the language.

49、 The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. *3. Every word that has meaning has sense (n

50、ot every word has reference) 115. 重点：What are the type of motivation？ 1) Onomatopoeic motivation 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation。Some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in se

51、nse, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation ) Pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writing tool, this motivation is called

52、 (etymological motivation) laconic answer (简短回答), laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据 (etymological motivation) 问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?Both pen and sword are nouns. mightier is an adjective, and than is preposition.The sentence is in simple present tense.这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?Mightier than is

53、 comparative degree.pen and sword are in singular form.The pen is subject, and sword functions as an object to preposition than.mightier is predictive重点名词解释: Conceptual meaning:1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-

54、meaning. 2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same languageAssociative meaning :(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the concept

55、ual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylis

56、tic, affective, and collocative.Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang. Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: frozen, formal, consult

57、ative, casual and intimate.情感意义affective meaning, (1) appreciative meaning (2) pejorative meaning4 Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster. Sense Relations and Semantic Field polysemy, synonymy, antonymy and h

58、yponymy.问题：Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？ 答案：Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them. 155. 问题：反义词存在不存在一种包容现象？答案：表明two poles, two extremes，的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作（Middle ground） e.g. huge / tiny（ 它们之间存在着big , small , quite big, quite small）e.g. young / old这类反义词被称为(Contrary terms) Rhetoric Features of Homonyms e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns ) humor, sarcasm or ridicule 重点：名词解释 Synonyms Types of Synonyms :1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synon