中医医学英语,课后练习答案

1、第一单元1, 临床经验clinicalexperience2, 辨证论治treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation3, 四气五味fourpropertiesandfivetastes4, 针灸acupunctureandmoxibustion5, 补土派SchoolofReinforcingtheEarth寒凉派Schoolofcoldandcool攻下派Schoolofpurgation滋阴派Schoolofnourishingyin6, 治疗原则therapeuticprinciples7, 寒凉药物herbscoldandcool8, 中国医药学有数千

2、年的历史,是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。TCMhasahistoryofthousandsofyearsandisasummaryoftheChinesepeoplesexperienceintheirstruggleagainstdiseases9, 黄帝内经为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。HangdisInnerCanonhaslaidafoundationfortheformationoftheoreticalsystemofTCM.Yangisusuallyexcessivewhileyinisfrequentlydeficient.11,金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”

3、的医学流派。IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedtheso-called“fourgreatphysicians”inmedicalschool.12,刘完素认为“火热”为主要病因,用药以寒凉为主。LiuWansubelievethat“fire-heat”wasthemaincauseofdiseasesandthedrugsheusedweremainlythosecoldandcoolinnature.第二单元1, 整体观念conceptofholism2, 有机整体organicwhole3, 风寒感冒commoncoldduetowindand

4、cold4, 同病异治treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies5, 异病同治treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy6, 水液代谢平衡balanceofwatermetabolism7, 中医理论体系有两个基本特点:一是整体观念,二是辨证论治。ThetheoreticalsystemofTCMismainlycharacterizedbyholismandtreatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation.8, 中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。TCMbelievesthat

5、thehumanbodyisanorganicwhole.9, 人体各个组成部分在功能上相互为用,在病理上互相影响。Theconstituentpartsofthehumanbodyareinterdependentinfunctionandmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.10, 整体观念贯穿于中医生理,病理,诊法,辩证和治疗的各个方面。Theholismpermeatesthroughvariousaspectsofthephysiology,pathology,diagnosis,syndromedifferentiationandtreatmentofdis

6、eases.11, 自然界的变化又可以直接或间接地影响人体。Changesinthenaturalworlddirectlyorindirectlyinfluencethehumanbody.12, 人的气血春夏趋向于表,秋冬趋向于里。Qiandbloodinthehumanbodytendtoflowtotheexteriorinspringandsummerandtotheinteriorinautumnandwinter.13, 心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里。Theheartopensintothetongueandisinternallyandexternallyrelatedtothes

7、mallintestine.14, 证包括了病变的部位,原因,性质,以及邪正关系。Syndromeincludesthelocation,causeandnatureofadiseaseaswellasthestateofpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi.15,不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证。Differentdiseasesmaypresentthesamesyndromebecausetheyareofthesamepathologicalmechanism.第三单元1, 相互转化mutualtransformation2, 寒极生热extremecold

8、turningintoheat3, 病理变化pathologicalchanges4, 补其不足supplementingwhatisdeficient5, 相互消长mutualwaneandwax6, 相互制约mutualrestriction7, 有机整体organicwhole8, 阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象的对立双方的概括。Yinandyangarethesummarizationoftheattributesoftwooppositeaspectsofinterrelatedthingsorphenomenainnature.9, 宇宙间一切事物的发生,发展和变化都是阴阳对

9、立统一矛盾运动的结果。Theformation,developmentandchangesofallthingsintheuniversearetheresultofthecontradictorymovementofyinandyangwithunityofopposites.10, 正气指整个机体的结构与功能,包括人体对疾病的抵抗能力等。Theso-calledvitalqireferstothestructureandfunctionsofthebody,includingbodyresistanceagainstdiseases.11,机体阴或阳的任何一方虚损到一定程度,必然导致另一方

10、的不足。Ifeitherpartofyinoryangthebodybecomesdeficienttoacertainextent,itwillinevitablyleadtoinsufficiencyoftheotherpart.12,治疗的基本原则是补其不足,泄其有余。Thebasictherapeuticprincipleistosupplementthedeficientandreducetheexcessive.第四单元1, 五行学说thetheoryoffiveelements2, 相乘相侮subjugationandcounter-restriction3, 母病及子disea

11、seofthemother-organaffectingthechild-organ4, 木,火,土,金,水是不可缺少的五种最基本的物质。Wood,fire,earth,metalandwaterarethefiveindispensableandmostessentialmaterials.5,水具有滋润和向下的特性。Waterischaracterizedbymoisteninganddownwardflow.Theliverpertainstowoodbecauseitsqiischaracterizedbyascending.7, 脾主运化而归属于木。Thespleenpertains

12、toearthbecauseitgovernstransportationandtransformation.8, 肾主水而归属于水。Thekidneygovernswaterandthuspertainstowater.9, 相乘即以强凌弱的意思。Subjugationmeanstolaunchanattackontheweak.10, 心阳有温煦之功能,故心属火。Sinceitsyangisofwarmingfunction,theheartpertainstofire.11,肝藏血以济心。Theliverstoresbloodtosupplementtheheart.12, 肾藏精以滋养

13、肝的阴血。Thekidneystoresessencetonourishyin-bloodintheliver.第五单元1, 藏象学说theoryofvisceralmanifestation2, 五脏六腑fivezang-organsandsixfu-organs3, 奇恒之服extraordinaryfu-organs4, 水谷精微essenceofwaterandfood5, 五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气。Thecommonphysiologicalfunctionofthefivezang-organsistoproduceandstoreessentialqi.6, 脏病多虚,

14、腑病多实。Diseasesofthezang-organsareoftenofdeficiencyinnaturewhilediseasesofthefu-organsarefrequentlyofexcessinnature.7, 肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。Kidneyessencecanpromotethegrowthofskeleton.8, 心与小肠相表里。Theheartisinternal-externallyrelatedtothesmallintestine.9, 脾开窍于口,其华在唇四白。Thespleenopensintothemouthanditslusterisma

15、nifestedoverthelips.10, 五脏的生理功能与精神情志密切相关。Thephysiologicalfunctionsofthefivezang-organsarecloselyrelatedtomindsandemotions.第六单元1, 汗血同源sweatandbloodsharingthesameorigin2, 宣发肃降dispersion,purificationanddescent3, 脾主运化thespleengoverningtransportationandtransformation4, 心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志。Themainphysiologi

16、calfunctionoftheheartistocontrolbloodandvessels,andgovernthemind.5, 脉是血液运行的通道。Thevesselsarethepassagesinwhichbloodflows.6, 血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛,血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件。Sufficientheartqi,abundantbloodandsmoothvesselsareessentialprerequisitetonormalcirculationofblood.7, 若心有病变,可以从舌上反映出来。Pathologicalchangesofheart

17、canbeobservedfromthetongue8, 肺的呼吸功能健全与否,直接影响着宗气的生成。Therespiratoryfunctionofthelungdirectlyinfluencestheproductionofpectoralqi.9, 如果肺的通调水道功能减退,就可发生水液停聚而生痰、成饮。Hypofunctionofthelunginregulatingwaterpassagewillleadtoproductionofphlegmandretainedfluidduetostagnationofwater.10, 脾失健运即脾运化水谷精微的功能减退。Failureof

18、thespleentotransportsoundlyreferstohypofunctionofthespleenintransportingandtransformingtheessenceoffoodstuff.11,脾为后天之本,气血生化之源。Thespleenistheoriginofacquiredconstitutionandthesourceofqiandbloodproduction.12, 肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。Theliverphysiologicalfunctionsoftheliveraretocontrolfreeflowofqiandstorebloo

19、d.13, 肾主生长、发育与生殖。Thekidneygovernsgrowth,developmentandreproduction.14, 肾的纳气功能正常则呼吸均匀和调。Whenthekidneyfunctionsnormallytoreceiveqi,breathwillbesmoothandeven.第七单元1, 奇恒之府extraordinaryfu-organs2, 上焦upperenergizer3, 泌别清浊separatingthelucidfromtheturbid4, 初步消化primarydigestion5, 容纳于胃中的水谷经过胃的腐熟后,下传于小肠,其精微经脾的运

20、化而营养全身。Afterprimarydigestion,thefoodstuffinthestomachistransmitteddowntothesmallintestine.Itsessenceisthentransportedandtransformednourishthewholebodybythespleen.6, 小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时,也吸收了大量的水液。Thesmallintestinealsoabsorbsalargequantityofwaterasitisabsorbingessencefromthechime.7, 大肠接受经过小肠泌别清浊后所剩下的事物残渣,再吸收

21、其中多余的水液形成粪便,晶钢门为排除体外。Thelargeintestinereceivesthewastepartoffoodstufftransmitteddownfromthesmallintestine,absorbspartofthewaterfromthewasteandtransformstherestpartintofecestobedischargedfromtheanus.第八单元1, 先天禀赋innateness2, 水液代谢watermetabolism3, 先天之气innateqi4, 后天之气acquiredqi5, 正气healthyqi6, 邪气pathogen

22、icfators7, 元气primordialqi8, 宗气pectoralqi9, 营气nutritiveqi10, 卫气defensiveqi11,气是构成人体的最基本物质。Qiisthemostessentialsubstancetoconstitutethebody.12, 人体的气来源于禀受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气。Qiinthebodyisderivedfrominnateessenceinheritingfromtheparents,andacquiredessencecomingfrombothfoodnutrientsandfreshair.1

23、3, 宗气是积于胸中之气,具有推动心脏搏动、调节心率和心律的功能。Thepectoralqiisakindofqiaccumulatinginthethorax,functioningtoenhanceheartbeatandregulateheartrateandcardiacrhythm.14, 营气主要来自于脾胃运化的水谷精气,由水谷精微中的精华部分所化生。Thenutritiveqicomesfromtheessentialqifromwaterandfoodtransformedandtransportedbythespleenandstomach,beingproducedfrom

24、refinedpartofthefoodstuffessence.第九单元1, 气生血qigeneratingblood2, 气行血qipropellingblood3, 气摄血qicommandingblood4, 血载气bloodcarryqi5, 血生气bloodgeneratingqi6, 精血同源bodyfluidandbloodsharingthesameorigin7, 益气固脱nourishingqitostopcollapse8, 血与津液在生理上具有非常密切的相互依存、相互转化的关系,在病理上也常相互影响。Thebloodandbodyfluidhaveaveryclose

25、relationshipdependingonandtransformingintoeachotherphysiologically,andtheyofteninfluenceeachotherpathologically.9, 血与津液均为液态物质,都有营养和滋润作用,与气相对而言,两者都属阴。Boththebloodandfluid,whichpertaintoyininnatureascomparedtoqiareliquidsubstancethatcannourishandmoistenthebody.9,在生成津液的过程中,脾胃之气起着决定性的作用。Thespleenandstom

26、achplayanimportantroleintheproductionofbodyfluid.10,血液是由津液和营气两部分所组成,故津液在脉内是血液的重要组成部分。Thebloodiscomposedofbodyfluidandnutritiveqi,andthusthebodyfluidisanimportantcomponentofblood.11, 津液的代谢过程完全依赖于气的推动,气化作用。Metabolismofbodyfluiddependscompletelyonpromotionandtransformationofqi.12, 津液的生成、输布和排血都离不开肺、脾、肾、

27、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能。Theproduction,distributionanddischargeofbodyfluiddependontheqitransformationofthelung,spleen,kidney,tri-jiao,bladder,etc.第十单元1, 经络学说meridiantheory2, 经络系统meridiansystem3, 运行全身气血transportingqiandbloodinthewholebody4, 联络脏腑肢体toconnectthevisceraandlimbs5, 十二正经twelveregularmeridians6, 十二经别tw

28、elvebranchesofmeridians7, 奇经八脉eightextraordinarymeridians8, 经络是运行全身气血的通道。Meridiansarethepathwaysforqiandbloodtocirculateinthewholebody.9, 经脉是经络系统的主干,大多循行于深部;而络脉是经脉的分支,循行于较浅的部位,有的络脉还显现于体表。Themeridians,whicharethemajortrunksinthemeridiansystem,mainlyruninthedeepregionsofthebody;whilethecollaterals,whi

29、charethebranchesofthemeridians,runintheshallowregionsofthebodyorbeingvisibleonthesurfaceofthebody.10, 同样的,当脏腑发生病变时,也会通过经脉反映于体表。Similarlypathologicalchangesofthevisceracanmanifestinthesurfaceofthebodythoughmeridiansystem.11, 十二经别的作用主要是加强十二经脉中相位表里的两经之间的联系。Thetwelvemeridiansdivergencesfunctionmainlytos

30、trengthentherelationshipbetweenthetwointernal-externallyrelatedmeridians.第十一单元1, 外感六淫sixexogenouspathogenicfactors2, 饮食劳倦improperdietandoverstrain3, 风邪外袭pathogenicwindattackingtheexterior4, 七情内伤internalimpairmentduetosevenemotions5, 六淫好似风、寒、署、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。Thesixpathogenicfactorsareacollectivetermf

31、orsixexogenouspathogensofwind,cold,summer-heat,dampness,dryness,andfire.6, 饮食不节主要是损伤脾胃,导致脾胃功能失常。Immoderatedietmainlyimpairsthespleenandstomach,leadingtodysfunctionofthem.7, 痰和饮都是水液代谢障碍所形成的病理产物。Phlegmandretainedfluidarebothpathologicalsubstancescausedbystagnationofwater.8, 淤血所致的疼痛多为刺痛,痛处固定不移,拒按,夜间痛甚。

32、Paincausedbystagnantbloodisusuallystabbing,fixedinlocation,aggravatedbypressureandworsenatnight.第十二单元1, 疾病的发生、发展与变化occurrence,progressandchangesofdisease2, 邪正盛衰exuberanceordeclineofpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi3, 五心烦热feverishsensationoverthefivecenters4, 正胜邪退,疾病趋向好转和痊愈Healthyqitriumphsoverpathogenic

33、factors,leadingtoimprovementoforrecoveryfromanillness.5, 阳虚是指机体阳气虚损,功能减退或衰弱、热量不足的病理状态。YangdeficiencyreferstoamorbidstateinwhichthebodysfunctiondecreasesordeclinesandtheheatenergyisshortbecauseofinsufficiencyofYangQi6, 气滞血瘀是由于气的运行不畅而导致的血运障碍。Bloodstagnationduetoqistagnationmeansthattheunsmoothflowofqi

34、leadstodisturbanceofbloodcirculation.第十三单元1, 神色形态spirit,complexion,figureandbehavior2, 表情淡漠indifferentfacialexpressions3, 面部表情facialexpressions4, 精神不振dispiritedness5, 脉象pulsecondition6, 问诊指凭听觉和嗅觉以辨别患者的声音和气味的变化。Thelistening-smellingmethodreferstoandiagnosingapproachbylisteningtothevoicesofthepatients

35、andsmellingtheodorsfromthepatients.7, 常色指人在正常生理状态时的面部色泽。Normalcomplexionreferstothefacialcolorsunderphysiologicalconditions.8, 青色主寒证、痛证、淤血和惊风。Bluishcolorindicatescoldsyndrome,painsyndrome,bloodstasisandinfantileconvulsion.第十五单元1, 寒热错杂co-existenceofcoldandheat/mixtureofcoldandheat2, 真寒假热truecoldwithf

36、alseheat3, 恶寒与恶热aversiontocoldandaversiontoheat4, 口淡不渴tastelessinthemouthwithoutthirst5, 热证转寒transformationofheatsyndromeintocoldone6, 疾病的表现尽管及其复杂,但基本上都可用八纲加以归纳。Themanifestationsofadisease,thoughcomplicated,canbegeneralizedintoacertainpatterninthelightoftheeightprinciples.7, 虚证是对人体正气虚弱各种临床表现的病理概括。De

37、ficiencysyndromeisapathologicalgeneralizationofvariousmanifestationsduetodeficiencyofhealthyqi.8, 实证是对人体感受外邪,或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。Excesssyndromeisapathologicalgeneralizationofvariousmanifestationscausedbyexogenouspathogensoraccumulationofpathologicalsubstancesinthebody.第十六单元1, 四气五味fourproperties

38、andfiveflavors2, 升降沉浮ascending,descending,sinkingandfloating3, 归经channeltropismofmedicines4, 用药禁忌medicationcontraindication5, 植物药根据入药部分的不同,采集季节和方法也不同。Theseasonsandmethodsofcollectingherbsvarywiththepartsusedformedicinalpurposeoftheherbalplants.6,辛味药多有发散和行气血的作用Herbspungentinflavorhavethefunctionsofdispersingandpromotingflowofqiandblood.7, 毒性剧烈的药物用量过多就会发生副作用或中毒。Overuseofherbswithacutetoxicitywillcauseside-effectsorintoxication.简答题1,whatistraditionalChinesemedicine?TraditionalChinesemedicine,withahistor