句型(简单句+复杂句)

1、句法2简单句simple sentence2l 英语六种基本句型：21：S+V22：S+V+P23：S+V+DO24：S+V+IO+DO25：S+V+DO+OC36: There be3复杂句complex sentence3l 并列复杂句3l 从属复杂句3名词性从句4主语从句4宾语从句4表语从句5同位语从句6形容词性从句6定语从句6l 限定性定语从句7l 非限定性定语从句7副词性从句8状语从句8l 时间状语从句(时间状语）9l 条件状语从句（用if/unless引导的状语从句）9l 地点状语从句(where)9l 原因状语从句(because,since,as)9l 让步状语从句（thoug

2、h,although,even though,no matter what）9l 比较状语从句（than,as.as）10l 目的状语从句（that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case）10句法句型分类简单句simple sentence-只有一个主语和一个谓语（I left.）l 英语六种基本句型：1：S+V （主语subject+谓语predicate）2：S+V+P(主语subject+系动词link verb+表语predicative)3：S+V+DO(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语object)4：S+

3、V+IO+DO(主语subject+谓语predicate+间接宾语indirect o+直接宾语direct o）5：S+V+DO+OC(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语+宾补object complement)6: There beThere be“有”，There是引导词，无意义，There be后面的名词是句子的主语，属于倒装结构，表示某处有某人/某物。There+be+主语There is a cup of water on the table.与have的区别There be表示客观存在，have表示单纯的拥有。There are three cars in the

4、 parking lot.He has three cars in his own parking lot.There be的就近一致原则There is a gay and three girls in the classroom.There are three girls and a boy in the classroom.There are somewhere between 45,000 to 100,000 of them living in the countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe.For the century before Johnsons

5、 Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language.v 2：S+V+P(主语subject+系动词link verb+表语predicative) You are cute.v 3：S+V+DO(主语+谓语+宾语object) I love you.复杂句complex sentence-不止一个主语和一个谓语并列复杂句有并列连词：and/or/but从属复杂句由一个主句（principal clause）和一个或一个以上的从句（subordinate

6、 clause）构成。什么是从句（subordinate clause）？从句是复杂句不能独立成句，由that/who/whom/when/why/where/how/which等引导词（connective）引导的非主句部分。从句的类型名词性从句：主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句² 从句三要素：必须有连接词必须是陈述句不能单独使用名词性从句主语从句-在复杂句中充当主语成分的句子叫主语从句² 不受主句时态影响² 系动词是单数is² 谓语动词是第三人称单数² 陈述语序Eg. That I have ha

7、d so many friends is amazing.陈述句用thatThat he married a girl in such a short time surprises us all.特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词When he will come out of the closet hasnt been decided.Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.主语从句&形式主语That I have had so many friends is amazing.It is amazing that I have so many frie

8、nds.l It had been estimated that up to 50% of people in the developed world are overweight and 20% of these are obese.宾语从句-在复合句中充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句He knows where the bar is.I dont know when he will come.As Peter Derk says:If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, the well have a pretty good ha

9、ndle on how it works in general.名词：Milgram 谓语动词：told 宾语： A TELL B TO DO STH Milgram told each volunteer teacher-subject that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and experiment was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the

10、pupils ability to learn.The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at younger age.It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.形

11、式宾语 it宾语从句&形式宾语如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，要用形式宾语it,而将从句放到补足语后面。It is lucky to date with you.I know it lucky to date with you.S+V+it+adj./n./done + that clauseI thought it strange that he married her.1. S+V+it+adj./of(for)sb.+to do sth.I found it impossible for me to find a girlfriend.2. S+V+it+adj./n./done+t

12、hat clauseI considered it amazing that he left his girlfriend.3. S+V+it+no use/good/worth + doing sthThink/find/consider/makeI dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble to do this.4. S+V+it+when/ifLove,like,enjoy,hate,appreciate表语从句-表语从句是一个句子作为表语成分，说明主语。Eg. The problem is when he can finish it

13、.One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer.The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges.同位语从句同位语-在句子中前后两词（组，句）所指意思相同，句法功能相同，这种结构叫同位结构，前面是同位词，后面是同位语。My boyfriend Hoover works in here.We both are lect

14、urer.He likes his job, writing essays.According to his biographer, James Boswell.同位语从句-在复杂句充当同位语的名词性从句是同位语从句。They are investigating the question whether he is a murder.常见同位名词中心词Fact/news/idea/hope/report/opinion/order/question/problem/truth/theory/decision/discovery/conclusion/promise/rumour/possibi

15、lity/answer/belief,etc.同位语从句种类：限制性同位语从句：紧跟同位名词非限制性同位语从句：有逗号或者破折号与中心词分开The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.The hard truth, that he came out of the closet, was a great shock to her parents.形容词性从句定语定语修饰名词：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。可以作定语成分的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、（短语）、分词、从句出现位置：紧跟名

16、词前后I love beautiful you.定语从句-在复杂句中作定语，修饰限定一个主语/宾语、表语的名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句，被修饰叫做先行词，由关系代词引出。I dont like the boy who is straight.The man that I spoke to is Hoover.种类l 限定性定语从句用来限定先行词的范围I like a man who is rich.l 非限定性定语从句对于先行词的一个进一步解释I like a man, who is rich.Tips:(1. 进行时态的定语从句可以省略关系代词和be动词，仅仅用现在分词。There are

17、the nations (which are) feeding billions of people.(2. 被动语态的定语从句，可以省略关系代词和be动词，仅仅用过去分词。The camera (which was) ordered last week had not arrived yet.区分同位语从句和定语从句1.同位语：具体内容描述，定语：限定修饰-The news that he is gay is true.-The news that the girl told me is true.2.What/how/whether/is是同位语从句Who翻译为谁，which翻译成哪一个,

18、是同位语从句，否则是定语从句。Eg. I have a question whether you are a gay?Eg. Im sure he is the gay who you will be glad to get acquainted.3.that是否在句子做成分，充当是定从，不充当是同位从。从句结构完整是同位从，不完整是定从。A company that states their product is the safest or cheapest needs to show proof, because these claims can directly affect their

19、 competitors.Statements like these, that no one can prove, are called puffery.Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term rainforest.In the Native Ameri

20、can Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying.They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct

21、in vast numbers, and that planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.Plato express the idea that homour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of

22、punchline.The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine.The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from

23、 the dramatic rise in health cost in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elder people are now major and relatively very expensive consumers of health-care resources.副词性从句状语状语修饰动词：状语用来说明动作的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方

24、式、和伴随状况。可以作状语成分的有：副词、介词短语、分词（过去/现在分词等）和分词短语、不定式、从句I get up at 7.He runs fast.I am taking courses at school.He comes here by train.状语从句-在复合句做状语，起副词作用的句子叫状语从句，它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。I will call you when I arrive home.The show is so amazing that everyone applauds.种类l 时间状语从句(时间状语）I have studied Englis

25、h since I came to Beijing.Eg. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.l 条件状语从句（用if/unless引导的状语从句）You will not be able to pass the test unless you start to study hard.Eg. If you stick out your tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covere

26、d with tiny bumps.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields.l 地点状语从句(where)Where there is a will, there is a way.Eg. Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where temperatures are unpredictable

27、.l 原因状语从句(because,since,as)I am working really hard because I love this job.l 让步状语从句（though,although,even though,no matter what）Although I am exhausted, I am still learning.They were not allowed to loiter downtown in an ice cream store, and women. although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfriends ou