简单句的五种基本句型

1、语法讲义一、简单句与并列句简单句的五种根本句型句型种类 主语谓语局部谓语动词表语宾语宾补S+ViPatarrived S+Vt+OShe playsthe pianoS+Vt+CTheyare(系动词)heroes.S+Vt+Ino+DoI offeredhim dollarsS+Vt+O+OcAnnmademecry 句子成分详解一览表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语 The Subject 表示句子说的是什么人，或什么事名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子等。1.We study in No.7 Middle School.2.Jim is an educated child.谓语Th

2、e predicate 说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样由动词或动词词组充当1.I expect you to take me.2.Lucy is dancing under the tree.3.Her parents hate telling lies.宾语The object 表示动作、行为的对象同主语的充当词类1.Both of the girls like Spanish.2.Did she call me just now?表语The predicative与系动词连用，一起构成谓语、说明主语的性质特征同主语的充当词类1.Her mother is a chemist.2.The t

3、wo states were at war then.3.What he said sounds reasonable.定语The attribute 用来修饰名词或代词形、代、数、名、副、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语1.The black sweater is mine.2.What is his father's name？3.We have nine lessons every day.状语The adverbial修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示1.The miners work very har

4、d.2.She often helps Mike.3.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语The object complement宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓关系一般由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当1.They named the baby Lily.2.She always keeps the house clean every day.句子分类一览表分类说明例句按结构分类简单句The simple sentence由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即：一套主谓关系1. She goes to work every day.2. T

5、om and I found her there.3. We all breathe, eat and work.并列句The compound sentence由并列连词如：and ,so,but, or等把两个或以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子1. I often help her and she helps me ,too.2. Harry likes eggs,but he doesn't like chicken.复合句The complex sentence由一个主句和一个或以上的从句构成的句子1. I believe you are right.2. If he stud

6、ies harder, he will pass the exam.按用途分类陈述句The declaratives sentence用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法。1. They're practising English.2. Mother doesn't like dogs.祈使句The imperative sentence 用来表示请求、命令等。谓语动词用原形。有肯定、否认两种形式。1. Keep quiet,please.2. Don't read in the sun.3. Let's be friends.感慨句The exclamatory

7、sentence用来表达强烈的感情1. What a hot day it is!2. How fast Liu Xiang runs!一般疑问句The general qusetion用yes 和no 来答复的句子，通常把助动词be ,have 或情态动词放在主语前1. Is she a student？2. Can you play the piano?3. Do they like basketball?特殊疑问句The special question用疑问词开头的疑问句，不能用yes 和no 答复。1. Who is on duty today?2. How did he get t

8、he news?3. Where does he live ?选择疑问句The alternative question提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择，两局部用or连接，其结构是：“一般疑问句+or+要选择局部？1. Is she playing or working?2. Which would you like ,tea or coffee?反意疑问句The disjunctive question在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，表示说话者对所表达的事实虽然有一定的见解，但没有把握，提出相反的疑问，希望得到对方证实。其结构是：“前肯后否，前否后肯1. Work is a bag par

9、t of your life ,isn't it ?2. You don't want to stay here,do you ?3. Don't be so noisy, will you ?感慨句Exclamatory sentence与祈使句Imperative sentence类别结构例句备注以What 引导What +a/an+adj.+ 单数可数名词+主语+谓语！1. What a silly question he asked!2. What an interesting story (it is) !1. 在口语中，后面的主语，谓语可以省略。2. Wha

10、t 感慨句的中心词是名词，但名词前可以加形容词等来修饰。3. How“adj+a/an+单数名词，但不能接“Adj+复数或不可数名词What +(adj)+ 复数名词+主语+谓语！1. What lovely girls they are!2. What beautiful flowers they are !3. What fools you are!What +adj.+ 不可数名词+主语+谓语！1. What fine weather (it is) today!2. What good advice she gave!How 引导How +adv./adj.+主语+谓语！1.How c

11、ool it was yesterday!2.How hard the students study!其他形式有时陈述句、一般疑问句、单词或短语也可以用作感慨句1. She is such a nice girl!2. Isn't the story interesting!3. Wonderful!4. Help !5. Lovely day,isn't it!注意1. 感慨句有时可以用How和What来转换，但这只能适合于单数可数名词的情况。2. fun, advice ,information,news,weather等不可数名词或复数名词前，即使其前有形容词来修饰，也不

12、能加a/an.感慨句的结构与特点祈使句结构简表及用法常见形式例句肯定形式Vi+副词1. Stop! Sit down! Get away!2. Come here,everyone!Vt+宾语1. stop talking!2. Give it to your sister!Be+ adj.1. Be careful!2. Be reasonable, Mary. It wasn't my fault.3. Be sure to turn off the light!否认形式Don't/Never +V1. Don't take it away!2. Never put

13、 off till tomorrow what can be done today!Let 结构1. Let me try!2. Let him not waste time!3. Let's be frank with each other!有主语结构以示强调You+V1. You clean the blackboard!2. John ,you be quiet!加强语气结构do/does/did+V.1. Do come ,please! 2. Do be brave!2. Tom did tell me the news!无动词祈使句1. Silence! 2.No smok

14、ing! 3.No entry!注意：祈使句与and 或or 等连用，可以表示条件。如： Work hard,and you'll succeed. Don't move ,or I'll fire!反意疑问句Tag questions陈述局部附加疑问局部例句hardly, few, little,no, not, never,nobody,nothing,seldom,nowhere等否认词或半否认词 肯定式1. Nobody came here while i was out ,did they ?2. There's little rice at home

15、 ,is there ?3. Dave can hardly cook,can he ?no one ,no body, one ,nothing,neither等作宾语多用肯定式也可用否认形式1. peter has nothing to say ,does(n't) he ?2. You got nothing from her,did(n't) you?含有un-, in-,im-,dis-, -less等否认前、后缀构成的派生词否认形式1. That's unfair ,isn't it ?2. The boy is hopeless,isn't

16、 he?3. She dislikes pets,doesn't she?2. 一些特殊句式的附加疑问句陈述局部句式附加问句局部例句I am.aren't II'm your friend,aren't I?I wish.may II wish to have a look,may I?Let's (表建议，包括说着)shall we (shan't we)Let's sing an English song, shall we?Let us 表允许，不包括说话者will you(won't you) Let us make it

17、 by ourselves,will you?Let me /him/ themwill youLet me do it again,will you ?Let him join us,will you?表示邀请、请求的祈使句will/ won't you Come here this evening, will you?You will speak English,won't you?否认的祈使句表示请求will/ can't you Don't make a noise , will/can you?感慨句用一般现在时be 的形式What fine weat

18、her ,isn't it ?并列句与邻近的分句一致Mary is a nice girl, but she doesn't like English,does she?主从复合句多与主句的主、谓语一致Jim wouldn't go if it rained, would he?I don't think/believe/guess.+宾语从句与从句的主，谓语一致，且用肯定形式I don't think this story is funny,is it?I don't believe he knows it, does he?So., or.,

19、 oh.前后两局部一致前否后也否He is Michael Jordan,or is he?3. 附加局部与陈述局部主语不一致的情况陈述局部主语附加局部主语例句this,that ,anything,something,nothing,everything，不定式，动名词短语，从句it 1. This /That is your sister,isn't it?2. Everything seems all right,doesn't it ?3. Nothing is serious,is it?4. To learn Japanese isn't easy, is

20、it?5. What she said was true,wasn't it?somenoneof.it /they1. Some of the boys have left,haven't they?2. None of the food was delicious,was it? these/thosetheyThese /Those are not parrots,are they?anybody ,someone, everyone,either,nobody,each of.no one,one,neitherhe/they1. Everyone knows this

21、,don't they/doesn't he?2. Each of boys had an apple,didn't he /they?3. Nobody saw him,did they?4. No one called me just now,did they?复数代词oneone/heOne can't always be young,can one/he?the +形容词以及由both .and , either.or, neither.nor, and, not only.but also., or 等连接的主语复数代词1. The poor had

22、no right to vote then, did they ?2. Both Rose and Mary left,didn't they ?3. Neither you or I am wrong, are we?4. 附加问句局部与陈述局部谓语不一致的情况陈述局部谓语附加局部谓语例句have 不作“有讲do (does/did)1. They all had a good time,didn't they?2. We have to say goodbye,don't we?need/dare做实义动词do1. he needs a lot of money,d

23、oesn't he?2. I've never dared to ask her,have I?must (必须) needn't (不必)We must finish it today, needn't we?can't (不可能)表示推测根据can't 后的动词选用相应的形式1. The person can't be an inspector, is he?2. They can't have finished it now, have they? must+be 对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时处理1. Ann

24、looks pale. She must be ill,isn't she?2. The boys must be playing football on the playground now, aren't they?must+完成时表示对过去情况的推测 作一般过去时的附加疑问句处理1. The interviewers must have come yesterday,didn't they?2. He must have been there then, wasn't he?must+完成时用来推测过去的动作持续到现在 按现在完成时的附加疑问句处理His

25、cousin must have lived here at least ten years,hasn't he ?used to+ d动词原形didn't/usedn't + 主语 He used to live in the town, usedn't/didn't he?语法讲义二、状语从句状语从句在句中起状语的作用，修饰主句的谓语动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由附属连词引导，与主句相接。状语从句放在句首时，常在其后加上逗号，假设放在句末时，其前一般不用逗号。种类连接词例句考前须知时间状语从句When /by the time /whereve

26、r;once,every/each time;as soon as=hardly/scarely.when=no sooner.than;the moment/minute =immediately/instantly;while/as; after;since;until/till1. Once ha has made up his mind, nothing can change it.2. While we are young,we should work hard.3. I'm going to talk with you as soon as I finish my work

27、.4. He didn't go to bed last night until he finished his work.5. As she grew older,she began to go deaf.主“将从“现。when 强调“特定时间，while表示的是时间段，有时还有比照的含义，as 用于口语，强调“同时。地点状语where; wherever1. please stay where you are.2. I may go wherever I like.原因状语because; as /for; since/now thatseeing that /as conside

28、ring (that) 1. Since no one else is against it, we'll pass the law.2. As she is not well today, I'll go myself.3. Seeing as we're going the same way, I'll give you a lift.because引导的从句一般在主句之后，且主句不可再用连词so; because语气最强，since较弱，as次之，for最弱。比拟状语从句than as.as not as /so .as1. It is warmer in

29、 spring than ( it is)in winter.2. I get up as early as my parents do every morning.3. He isn't as tall as Bill.4. Liu Xiang runs much faster than I do.as和than引导从句，常省去与主句中相同局部，留下相比拟的局部；常用替代动词do等形式代替与主句相同的谓语局部。目的状语so that =in order that for fear thatthat(以便)in case1. I got up early so that I could

30、 catch the first bus to Macao.2. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.表示目的的so that=in order that , 后常接may或should,could,would等。结果状语so.that such.that1. I was so excited that I couldn't go to sleep.2. She spoke in such a low voice that we couldn't hear her at all.注意so和such后的搭配词s

31、o+adj./adv.such+(adj.)+n.条件状语if; unless ; as/so long as on condition that; suppose that; in case1. He'll talk with me if he has time tomorrow.2. You will fail in the exam unless you work harder.3. Stay as long as you like.4. Send me a message in case you have any difficulty.从句中的动词时态不可用将来时，只能用现在或

32、过去时来表示将来时方式状语as if =as though as1. We heard a noise, as if someone were breathing.2. It looks as though it is going to rain this morning.3. She will do as she is told.as if /as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气让步状语(al)though; even if/though; no matter what/who/which/how.1. Native English speakers can understand ea

33、ch other even if they don't speak the same.2. They kept on working, though it was raining.3. No matter how difficult (it may be), we must go on.4. Young /Child as he is , he knows a lot.as 作“尽管，用于让步状语从句时，需用局部倒装结构，而although/though那么用正常语序。两者可和yet连用，但不可与but连用语法讲义三、宾语从句直接引语与间接引语类型直接引语改变方法间接引语陈述句1. &

34、quot;I like sports."Jim said.2. He said to me,"My sister has been here."用连词that 引导。从句中的人称、时态、时间、地点状语及指示代词等要作相应变化。1. Jim said that he liked sports.2. He told me that his sister had been there.一般疑问句1. He said to me ,"Are you out of work?"2. She said,"Did you see Bob last

35、night？"用连词if 或whether引导，主句中谓语动词是said时，改为asked, 如无间接宾语， 可加一个me,him,us等。语序要用陈述句语序，句末用句号。1. he asked whether /if I was out of work.2. She asked me if I had seen Bob the night before.特殊疑问句1. “Which do you want?he asked me.2. "Who has taken my record?"Tom asked.用原来问句中的疑问词引导，注意从句需用陈述语序，句末用点

36、号。1. He asked me which wanted.2. Tom asked who had taken his record. 祈使句1. She said to us ，"Please come in."2. The teacher said,"Don't make a noise , boys."将原句中的动词原形变为不定式，并在前面加上tell,ask,order等动词，其句型是tell(ask,order) sb. to do sth. 如果祈使句是否认式，那么在不定式前面加上not.1.she asked us to come

37、 in.2.The teacher told the boys not to make a noise.直接引语变间接引语的一般规律变项 分类直接引语要变项间接引语主句中的谓语动词时态一般现在时-一般过去时-现在完成时-现在进行时-一般将来时-过去完成时-一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时情态动词can/may-shall/will-must-could/mightshould/wouldhad to(must)指示代词this/these-that/those地点状语here-there方向性动词come/bring-go/take时间状语now-today-ton

38、ight-tomorrow-yesterday-last night(week)-next week/month-ago-the day before yesterday-the day after tomorrow-thenthat daythat nightthe next(following) daythe day beforethe night (week) beforethe next week/monthbeforetwo days beforein two day's time直接引语变间接引语不变的情况不变项说明直接引语间接引语时态所转述的是科学真理，格言等已有表示明确

39、或具体过去的时间状语1. He said,"Practice makes perfect."2. Nick said,"I was born in May 1978."1. He said that practice makes perfect.2. Nick said that he was born in May,1978.时间地点状语如转述发生在当地，当时的事，come，here today, this morning ，tomorrow等不必变。She said, "I'll come here this evening.&qu

40、ot;She said that she would come here this evening.语法讲义四、定语从句 在复合句中，用一个由主谓结构的陈述句修饰某一个名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；引导从句的词叫关系词。放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用；充当从句的某个成分；重复先行词的意义，故其数与先行词一致关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语The boy who helped us is called Nick.Do you like the kid who is crying?Whom及that，which在从句中作宾语时，在口语和非正式文体中常

41、可省，但介词提前时，that不能用，whom,which不可省。whose=of whom指人；whose=of which指物 whom人宾语The girl whom I met looks like Lily.I know the actor to whom you just talked.that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.I am not the fool that you thought me to be.which物主语，宾语This is a book which describes Canada.The pen (whi

42、ch) you lent me is missing.whose人，物定语The room whose window is red is mine.This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.关系副词when时间状语Don't forget the time when we met her.It happened on the day when I was out.When可用in/on which 代替where地点This is the place where (= at/in which ) we li

43、ved last year.I recently went to the town where(=in which) I was born.where可用in、at which 代替why原因The reason why(=for which) he didn't come was that he missed his train.why 可用for which 代替由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词之前如果带介词，可能出于以下三种情况之一：1.由于先行词的要求；2.由于从句某个关键词的搭配；出于语意表达的需要。类别语法意义及特征例句介词位于关系词前关系词which,whom在定

44、语从句中作介词的宾语时，有时可将介词前置放在它们前面1. Mr. Li is the person from whom you should learn.2. He built a telescope through which he could study the sky.3. Knowledge is the wings with which we fly to the heavens.介词位于从句有关动词之后关系词如果是作“动词+介词固定词组的宾语，这个介词一般不拆开，仍放在动词的后面。1. The baby (whom/who/that) the nurse looks after i

45、s healthy.2. Is this the necklace (which /that) you are looking for?限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句用法的区别类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，是先行词不可或缺的定语，如去掉，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分开。1. I have found the key that I lost last week.2. It happened at the time when I left.3. The person(whom) you talked

46、 to has come again.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，较松散，从句只对先行词作附加的说明，如去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚，这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，翻译时可译成一个并列句。不能用that引导。1. Abraham Lincoln, who led the USA through these years,was shot on April 14,1865 at a theatre in Washington D.C.2. Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.3. He

47、 lives in Boston, which is about five hours' ride from here. that 与Which，whom /who用法区别情况用法说明Which 与that Whom 与that 可互用情况1. 限制性定语从句中，先行词是物时，which,that两者可以互换2. 限制性定语从句中，先行词是人时，who/whom,that两者可以互换只能用which,who/whom的情况1. 在非制性定语从句中，指物只能用which引导定语从句，which可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句代替前面主句，用who/whom指人。如： She was awa

48、rded a gold medal,which the whole family considered a great honour.只用that的情况1. all,everything,anything,nothing (something除外，little,much等不定代词作先行词时；2. 领先行词被序数词或形容词最高级以及first,last,only,very等修饰时；3. 领先行词既有人又有物时；4. 先行词被all,any,every,wach,few,little,no,some等修饰时；5. 先行词是who,which时；6. 在there, be 句型中；7. 介词提前；8

49、. 在非限制性定语从句中as 在定语从句中的用法as 的用法1. as可用作关系代词或关系副词，在所引导的限制性定语从句中，既可作主语、宾语，又可作状语。As多和such,the same连用，它代替的先行词既可以是人，又可以是物或整个句子。2. 在the same .as 结构中，有时也有the same .that，但两者句意不同。 As表示“相似性；that表示“同一性。as 与who,which 的区别1. 领先行词被so,as,such,the same所修饰时，关系代词用as;2. As引导非限制性定语从句，可以指代后面整个主句，有“正如，好似之意，其位置可以在主句前或主句后。而w

50、hich引导的非限制性定语从句只能在主句后，并无as所表之意。3. Such作先行词的修饰语，关系代词只能用as.习惯用法 as anybody can see as has been said before as often happens as mentioned above as has been pointed out as we all know/ as is known to us as is often the case as as may be imagined as is hoped as is usual with sb高中英语语法练习-动词的虚拟语气一、根底练习1. -I

51、ve bought a box of chocolates for our daughter.-Oh, how good a dad! But she doesnt like sweet things, _that?A. Dont you know              B. Havent you known C. Didnt you know          

52、    D. Hadnt you known2. -Have you decided already?-Yes, I _at once.A. have decided   B. decided C. will decide   D. had decided3. Glad to see you back. How long _in Russia?A. did you stay B. have you stayed C. were you staying D. have you been staying4. He works in a factory now, but he _ on a farm for 20 years.A. worked   B. has worked      C. had worked D. had been working5. Where on earth have you been? We _ you back much earlier.A. were expecting   B. are expecting