英语专业论文文献引用格式

1、文献引用文献引用注明出处反映了论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学的态度。文学方向论文一般按MLA规范。引用格式要做到全文前后一致。引文必须准确。任何引文都必须标明页码，以方便读者查找。短于3行的引文应写入正文，用双引号标明。引文中的引文用单引号标明。1）夹注引文出处使用括号夹注的方法。夹注的内容包括引文作者的姓氏、名字缩写（必要时）、引文的页码和引文出处（文章、著作等）的标题或标题中的关键词组（必要时）。¨ 引用具体观点或文字引文不超过一页时，页码标注方法：(Soja 124)引文超过一页时，页码标注方法：(Soja 122-124)如果作者姓氏在正文中已经出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复

2、。如：Gamlin suggests that the novels “emphasis on the tale-telling nature of the story” (68) enables the immigrants to retell historical events.如果连续引用同一位作者同一篇文献同一页内容，则第二次引用时在括号夹注中标明ibid.如：Advocators of these movements argue for “their own distinctive cultures recognized within the public sphere” (McKe

3、e 21). In other words, they are linked by a “distinctive concern with questions of identity” and are fighting for “recognition of cultural difference” (ibid.).引用中文著作或期刊，括号夹注中须用汉语拼音标明作者姓氏，不得使用汉字。如：(Zhu 12)¨ 引用同一作者的多篇文献引用同一作者的多篇文献时，应在括号夹注中标明文献标题中的关键词。如：In his poems, the only woman poet is a “targ

4、et for the male poets word knives” (York, “Whirling” 74).¨ 引用同样姓氏的不同作者如果两个或两个以上的作者有相同的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时标明他们名字的首字母。如：This group of people “remained wild and spoiled” (M. Ondaatje 100) in the 1920s and their life was “characterized by extravagant fun and drunken escapades” (C. Ondaatje 20).¨ 引用多位

5、作者的同一文献两位作者：The liberal-bourgeois public sphere eventually deteriorates into “the pseudo-publicity of the mass media” (Crossley and Roberts 157).三位作者：在括号中用逗号分隔他们的姓氏。如：(Bulkin, Pratt and Smith 84)三位以上作者：在括号中标明第一位作者姓氏，其他作者用et al. (and others)代替。如：The nation can be described as “a community of people w

6、hose members are bound together by a sense of solidarity rooted in an historical attachment to a homeland and a common culture” (Johnston et al. 532).¨ 引用不同作者的多篇文献引用不同作者的多篇文献时，应在括号夹注中按字母顺序标明作者姓氏，姓氏之间用分号隔开。如：Critics link the emphasis on difference with intolerance, militarism, animosity and anni

7、hilation (Aller 18; Deutsch 63; Howarth 84).如果不同作者的多篇文献过长，则不使用括号夹注，而使用脚注。¨ 引用团体作者引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应标明团体的名称。如：(The Department of Canadian Heritage)¨ 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应标明该标题中的关键词。如：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth” 100

8、).¨ 引用书信和谈话引用书信和谈话（包括电子邮件、访谈、电话等）中的观点或文字，应在括号夹注中标明出处（包括交谈形式和时间）。如：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989).¨ 引用非直接文献论文应尽量避免使用非直接文献，但在无法找到直接文献的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献析出。如：According to the local historian Randall White, during the 1920s the “cultural demography in Toronto started to become

9、a complicated subject” (qtd. in Lowry 140).¨ 引用诗歌引用诗歌少于3行时，可在正文中写出。对于分节的诗歌，应在括号夹注中标明引文的节、行。行与行之间用“/”隔开。如：When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild/ in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).括号夹注表明引文来自诗歌第10节第209至第211行。对于不分节的诗歌，第一次引用时应在括号夹注中用“line”标明行数，

10、以后的引用则不需要再说明。如：第一次引用：(lines 5-8)；以后引用：(12-13).¨ 引用剧本引用剧本时，应标出引文的幕、场、行。如：In his famous advice to players, Shakespeares Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” (III.ii.21-23). 括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。&

11、#168; 引用圣经等经典文献引用圣经等经典文献时，应标出引文的篇、章、节。如：Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25. 21).括号夹注表明引文来自圣经的箴言篇第25章第21节。（注意：圣经各篇缩写有标准的写法，使用时应加一核对。）¨引用网络文献引用网络文献时，应标出引文作者和引文出现的段落。如：(Smith, Para. 10)&

12、#168; 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（全书或全文）的观点时:如果作者姓氏在正文中没有出现，则在括号中标明作者姓氏。如：Charlotte and Emily Brontë were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).如果作者姓氏在正文中已经出现，则不需要括号夹注。如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Brontë were polar opposit

13、es, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.¨ 对引文文字的修改引文出现在正文中，使用引文的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现句中句。如：正确：So it is not like what Luthi calls “entering effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).错误：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly

14、 into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).正确：Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59).错误：Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero

15、 as isolated. He is often an old child” (59).为了使含有引文的句子合乎语法，或者使含有引文的句子的含义更加清楚，往往需要对引文进行修改。删除词句：删除引文中的词、词组、句子时，应遵循两个原则。第一，引文被删除部分内容后，句子应完整和合乎英文语法。第二，引文被删除部分内容后，句子不应使读者对引文原意造成误解。被删除部分用省略号表示。省略号前后各空一个字符。句子中间部分被删除：In Ondaatjes books “history, like narrative, becomes both a process and a product” (Davis

16、272).句子开头部分被删除：“The ice shone with light. even to a boy of eleven, deep in the woods after midnight, this was obviously benign” (Ondaatje 21).整个句子被删除：Gill Valentine writes: “Nations are forever haunted by their various definitional others. As a consequence, nations often engage in acts of violence”

17、(Valentine 298).诗歌中一行或一行以上的内容被删除：When we swam onceI touched you in the water You touchedyour belly to my hands增添词组：引文部分需要经过修改，以符合英文语法。修改部分须放置于方括号内。如：However, the English patient “sees him more as one of those spare men of the desert” (Ondaatje 119).引文中的部分内容需要加以补充/说明，以便于读者更好地理解。说明部分须放置于方括号内。如：Hundred

18、s of poems “written on walls, ceilings, and in hidden corners of the Vidylankara campus” of the University of Ceylon are about “love of friends who had died for the cause” (Ondaatje 83).又如：In his view “it Ceylon pretended to reflect each European power till newer ships arrived” (64).对引文中的部分内容加以强调。用斜

19、体标明强调部分，在引文后说明斜体部分为论文作者所强调，说明文字放置于小括号内。如：Thus identity is a process, a “process of temporary attachment” (Hall 66; emphasis added).¨ 标点符号的使用括号夹注是引文出现的小句的一部分，必须放在句末的标点以内，不得放在句外，也不得放在引文的引号以内。正确用法：Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Foun

20、tain 33).错误用法： Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain 33)错误用法： Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”三行及三行以上的引文不放在引号内。引文段与前后段落之间空一行。如：Hall explains:So identitie

21、s are sliding, but they are not forever sliding. You have to stop, because if you dont you cannot construct meaning. You have to come to a full stop, not because you have uttered your last word, but because you need to start a new sentence which may take back everything you have just said. (66)2) 脚注

22、提供具有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息时，或提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息时，可使用脚注。脚注使用阿拉伯数字编号上标。每页重新开始。如： Running in the Family is a fictional (auto)biography published in 1982, after Ondaatje made two journeys to Sri Lanka, his country of birth, in 1978 and 1980. Running in the Family is a fictionalized account of

23、 the life of real people, including the writer Michael Ondaatje himself, his father Mervyn Ondaatje, and his grandmother Lalla Gratiaen. The generic slippage in this book will be discussed later in this chapter.又如： Since then the Quebec separatists have never stopped their attempts to break away fro

24、m the nation. Milton J. Esman, in his study of ethnic conflicts in Canada, talks about three different attitudes toward the relationship between Quebec and the Confederation. The separatist Parti Quebecois insists on the political independence of Quebec from Canada. The Quebec Liberals adopt a non-s

25、eparatist policy but advocates the primacy of the French language in government and private business in Quebec. The federal Liberals are committed to the bilingual and bicultural solution and emphasize the linguistic and ethnic duality of Canada. See Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Conflict in the Western W

26、orld (London: Cornell University Press, 1977).Works CitedAdorno, Theodor. Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. Trans. E. F. N. Jephcott. New York: Verso, 2005. Anderson, Christopher. Michel Tourniers Children: Myth, Intertext, Initiation. New York: Peter Lang, 1998.Attridge, Derek. J. M. C

27、oetzee and the Ethics of Reading: Literature in the Event. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004.-. “Oppressive Silence: J. M. Coetzees Foe and the Politics of Canonization.” Critical Perspectives on J. M. Coetzee. Ed. Graham Huggan and Stephen Watson. New York: St. Martins, 1996. 168-190.Attwell, David. J.

28、 M. Coetzee: South Africa and the Politics of Writing. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.-. “The Problem of History in the Fiction of J. M. Coetzee.” Rendering Things Visible: Essays on South African Literary Culture. Ed. Martin Trump. Athens: Ohio UP, 1991. 94-133.Auerbach, Nina. “A Novel of Her Ow

29、n.” The New Republic 9 Mar. 1987: 36-38.Ballantyne, John. “On Defoe.” Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Michael Shinagel. New York: Norton, 1994. 266-267.Banks, Russell. “Three Novels: Obsession and the Nature of Writing.” The Washington Post 8 Mar. 1987: x.01.Barney, Richard A. Plots of Enlightenment: Education

30、 and the Novel in Eighteenth-Century England. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999.Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.-. Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. New York: Noonday, 1990.Beattie, James. “James Beattie on the New Romance.” Daniel Defoe: The Crit

31、ical Heritage. Ed. Pat Rogers. London: Routledge, 1972. 59-60.参考文献以“Works Cited”（ Arial加粗14pt ）为居中标题。参考文献条目按字母顺序排列。如：Aller, Peter.Anderson, Benedict.Boyle, Anthony.条目中应包含文献作者或编者、译者、文章标题或书名、卷号、版次、出版地、出版社、出版日期、杂志名、页码等信息。附录部分为单倍行距。条目如须换行，则自第二行起，每行缩进一个制表符的距离。条目之间空一行。1. 著录已出版的书籍¨一位作者写的书籍：依次列出作者姓名、书名

32、、出版地、出版社和出版日期。作者姓名以书籍封面出现姓名为准。如：Aller, Peter. Nationalism. London: Edward Arnold, 1985.作者姓，作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版时间.两条或两条以上条目著录同一作者写的不同书籍时，作者姓名只在第一条目中出现，此后应以 “-”代替。如：Bhabha, Homi K. Nation and Narration. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.-. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge,

33、1994.¨两位或三位作者写的书籍：依此列出第一位作者姓、名，第二位作者名、姓，第三位作者名、姓，及其他相关信息。如：Riske, S. T. and S. E. Taylor. Social Cognitions. New York: McGraw Hill, 1991.如果两条或两条以上条目著录书籍的第一作者相同时，该作者姓名只在第一条目中出现，此后应以 “-”代替。如：Jackson, Peter. Maps of Meaning. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.- and Jan Penrose. Constructions of

34、Race. Minniapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.¨团体作者写的书籍：组织、协会、政府部门等均可视为团体作者。如：College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.¨无作者的书籍：著录无作者书籍的条目以书名开头。如：The Epic of Gilgamesh. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1987.¨

35、编撰的书籍：在作者姓名后标明ed. （一位编者）或eds. （两位以上编者）。如：Herb, Guntram H. and David H. Kaplan eds. Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefied Publishers Inc., 1999.¨翻译的书籍：在书名后标明Trans.，列出翻译的姓名（顺序为名+姓）。如：Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York

36、: Norton, 1977.¨新版的书籍：在书名后标明版次。如：Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.¨重版的书籍：在书名后标明初版日期。如：Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.2. 著录已发表的文章¨杂志中的文章：依次列出作者姓名、文章名、杂志名或书名

37、、卷号、日期、文章起始页码。文章名放置于双引号中。如：Ang, Ien. “Together-in-Difference: Beyond Diaspora, into Hybridity.” Asian Studies 作者姓、名文章名杂志名Review, Vol. 27, No. 2 (June 2003): 141-154.卷号出版日期文章起始页码著录两位或两位以上作者写的文章的规则同著录两位或两位以上的作者写的书籍的规则。¨书籍中的文章：在文章名后标明书名和编者姓名。如：Bhabha, Homi K. and Jonathan Rutherford. “The Third Sp

38、ace.” Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990.¨报纸中的文章：须标明报纸出版日期和文章所在版。如：“Literacy on the Job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.¨百科全书、字典等参考书中的文章：与著录书籍中文章规则相同，但不须标明编者姓名。如：Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia

39、Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.¨书籍中的简介、前言、后记、致谢等部分：与著录书籍中文章规则相同，但须在作者姓名后标明所引部分，在出版日期后标明该部分起始页码。如：Doctorow, E. L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1982: v-xi.3. 著录网络出版物著录网络出版物应尽可能标明以下信息：作者姓名、书名或文章名、编者和/或译者姓名、期刊名、出版人、出版物的上传日期、论文撰写人上网查询的日期和网址。条目中网址如需换行，必须在“/

40、”之后或“.”之前。¨电子期刊中的文章：Bleich, Eric. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct. 1998): 6pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College 2 Aug. 2003 </verify-iac>.以上条目中，“6pp”表示文

41、章共6页；“ Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”为网页名称；“ 2 Aug. 2003”为论文撰写人上网查询的日期。¨报纸电子版中的文章：Verhovek, Sam Howe. “Microsofts Might Be Better Than One.” The New York Times. 1 May 2000. 3 June 2001. <¨大学网页上的文献：Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue U

42、niversity. 15 Nov. 2000 </7Efelluga/theory2.html>.¨网络上的参考资料：“Fresco.” Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1988. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 May 1998 <:180>.以上条目中，“Vers. 98.2”为版本，“April 1998”为出版日期，“Encyclopedia Britannica”为出版人。4. 著录政府文件著录政府文件与著录书籍规则相同。如果不知道文件作

43、者，可将颁布此文件的政府部门视为作者。如：United Nations. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries. New York: Taylor, 1991.5. 著录非印刷材料¨电影或录像：条目依次标明电影名（用斜体表示）、导演姓名（放在“Dir.”之后）、主要演员的姓名（放在“Perf.”之后）、发行者的名称和发行年份。如果是录像或DVD，应在发行者的名称前注明是“Videocassette”或“DVD”。如：High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack Black and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney Video, 2001.¨电视广播节目“Monkey Trial.” American Experiences. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar. 2003.¨电视系列报道分集Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Disc