开关电源小信号分析方法_图文

1、Why is it Important to Plot a Power Stage Small-Signal Response?Christophe Basso, ON Semiconductor | Power ElectronicsSep. 16, 2013 Christophe Basso is an Application Engineering Director at ON Semiconductor in Toulouse, France, where he leads an application team dedicated to developing new offline

2、controllers specifications. He has originated numerous integrated circuits among which the NCP120X series has set new standards for low standby power converters. Read more about Christophe at the end of this article.QUESTION: Why is it Important to Plot a Power Stage Small-Signal Response?ANSWER: Th

3、is is the first question you must ask if you are serious about compensating a power supply. Too often, I have seen engineers building a prototype and throwing arbitrarily-selected component values at the error amplifier, hoping it would let the power supply at least stabilize after start up. Then, b

4、y tweaking compensating components values on-the-fly as the output undergoes a transient step, the power supply is more or less stabilized by taming undershoots and ringing portions. A few prototypes later, the design is validated for pilot run and here we go for mass production!This is a scenario t

5、hat I have seen many times while visiting power supply designers as an application engineer for ON Semi. Even if trials and errors must absolutely be banned when it comes down to loop control, I cannot blame these gentlemen for their method. The reason is simple, 99% percent of an engineers time is

6、spent on safety tests, making sure the converter dies peacefully, without smoke sometimes without noise! when resistance R236 is open or short circuited or when the controller pin 1 is shorted to pin 2 or even worse, to any of the other pins, including high voltage ones! Believe me, testing and solv

7、ing for safety is an extremely long and tedious exercise, furthermore if extreme cost and time pressure exists. If you overlook important parts of the design (safety limits, stability margins and so on no wonder the telephone rings a few months later, asking the design engineer to urgently fly to th

8、e remote factory as most of power supplies do not pass the simple start-up sequence: the overshoot trips the Over Voltage Protection (OVP circuit and the converter safely latches off. The money the company believed it has saved by cutting the development time, instantaneously vanishes if a factory e

9、nters a line-down situation or worse, if a product re-call is necessary. In short, do NOT neglect stability design by thinking that a simple 0.1-µF capacitor across the TL431 will do the job. Spend the necessary time on it, read some of the reference books and you will quickly realize how new t

10、ools can make the stabilization process quite simple at the end.The power stage response is the first thing you need to stabilize your converter. This is how your converter responds to an ac stimulus applied to its control pin while operating in various conditions (light load, full load, high or low

11、 line and so on. Without it, there is nothing you can do besides trial and errors as already described. I can see several ways to obtain this transfer function:Method 1 - Build A HardwareBuild a hardware, that is to say, assemble your converter using components that are representative of what will b

12、e used in production sites. Your last power supply prototype is obviously a possible solution. Check with your buyer that the components you have soldered are those populating production boards later on. Why? Because some elements, capacitors for instance, hide stray elements that affect the convert

13、er response and having them onboard already will give you a typical response. As an example, Figure 1 shows a (simplified prototype that I purposely built for an active-clamp forward converter; it delivers 5 V/2 A from a 48-V source. I had to stabilize the beast for an educational purpose. In lack o

14、f analytical expression, there is no way I could predict the response. With the help of a network analyzer, I was able to unveil the Bode plot quickly. I could then use that transfer function to select a crossover frequency and implement compensation strategy to build phase and gain margins. Derive

15、an analytical expression for the power stage. This is probably the most difficult option, in particular if you are not familiar with small-signal modeling. Fortunately, a lot of these equations have already been developed and you should be able to locate your transfer function quickly. Lets assume y

16、ou want to stabilize a current-mode flyback converter. The mathematical expression for this power stage is as follows: In this expression, you can see the position of the various zeros (one of them is in the Right-Half Plane and the effect of the sub-harmonic poles. What is nice with this expression

17、 is that you can capture it in a mathematical solver such as Mathcad® and plot the magnitude versus frequency response in a snap shot. This is what Figure 2 shows you with a complete Bode plot. What is the difference between this solution and the first one? Using the analytical expression, you

18、know exactly what elements create poles and zeros in the converter ac response, or what elements the dc gain H0 is made of. That is to say, once capacitors and inductors have been selected based on ripple requirements, rms currents capability and cost, their respective data-sheets should tell you th

19、e spread of stray elements affecting them. If you know the limits within which these poles and zeros will move in production or during the converter lifetime, then you can take provisions during the compensation phase and test your solution efficiency by sweeping values in Mathcad® while observ

20、ing phase and gain margins. If your buyer shows up in your office and tells you that a cheaper capacitor has been identified, you will be able to quickly know if your compensation strategy can accept its Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR dispersion.Method 3 - Simulation Modelin particular ESRs, the

21、simulated response can be very close to reality. A lot of models are available but I derived a set of auto-toggling models based on Vatché Vorpérian PWM switch model. These models operate in current or voltage mode and automatically toggle between CCM and DCM. A free-running version also e

22、xists and nicely predicts the response of quasi-square wave resonant converters (so-called QR. These models are available in a lot of different simulator flavors and let you simulate numerous topologies. Figure 3 shows you a current-mode model implemented in a fixed-frequency DCM flyback converter.

23、The operating point is set by the Vstim source so that 12 V are delivered to the load. The model inputs are the primary inductance (to compute the operating mode, the switching frequency (65 kHz in this example, the sense resistance and the slope compensation magnitude, if any. The Bode plot is give

24、n in Figure 4 and was immediately obtained owing to the absence of switching events (averaged model. From that response, you can see a first-order behavior in the low-frequency portion while a zero kicks in later on along the x-axis. This zero is created by the output capacitor and its ESR and may s

25、ignificantly move with temperature and age for instance. Finally, a Right Half-Plane zero starts to manifest itself in the upper frequency portion (gain increases by bringing the phase response further down.Unlike with the analytical solution, SPICE does not give you the transfer function telling yo

26、u how a part variation will affect poles and zeros. However, it is really easy to sweep components values with different distribution profiles and see their effect on the power stage response. Even better, you can compensate the power supply with SPICE and affect tolerances to all your elements, as

27、in a real production place. Then, by running Monte-Carlo analysis, you will see how the crossover frequency, dc gain, phase/gain margins are affected. It does not mean that this prediction will be verified along the converters lifetime, but if running this type of simulation shows that your converte

28、r is robust by always keeping adequate margins, chances exist that robustness is confirmed in practice.As a quick summary, I cannot stress enough to be serious about control loop design. Most of the technical questions I have relate to that field and it motivated me to write a book entirely dedicate

29、d to the matter. Actually the subject is wide but I have tried to highlight a few things that I believe a loop designer in the power supply field must understand to make them work efficiently. The method described in the above bullets can also be combined, this is excellent practice: equations tell

30、you what response you should expect from SPICE and where potential offenders hide. SPICE will let you orchestrate the compensation strategy and verify that margins are not violated as component values change. Exploring the response at different operating points is also a child play. Finally, the mandatory hardware testing will tell you if your assumptions and choices were pertinent. Combining these approaches is the recipe to success!Author BioChristophe authored several books in the subject of power electronics: McGraw-Hill published, “Switch-Mode Power