商业建筑外文文献翻译

1、Commercial BuildingsAbstract:A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; syste

2、ms protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engin

3、eer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commerc

4、ial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies.Keywords:Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics1. Introduction1.1 ScopeThis recommended practice will pro

5、bably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings.However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbo

6、oks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings.1.2 Commercial BuildingsThe term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings ” as used in this chapter, encompasses all

7、buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions

8、, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today ' csommercia

9、l buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1.1.2.2 Electri

10、cal Design ElementsIn spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice.

11、The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include:1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation3) Flexibility

12、and provisions for expansion4) Reliability and continuity5) Safety of personnel and property6) Initial and maintained cost7) Operation and maintenance8) Fault current and system coordination9) Power sources10) Distribution systems11) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems12) E

13、nergy conservation, demand, and control13) Conformance with regulatory requirements14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements, altitude, sound levels, security, exposure to physical elements, fire hazards, hazardous locations, and power conditioning and uninterruptible pow

14、er supply (UPS) systems1.10 SafetySafety of life and preservation of property are two of the most important factors in the design of the electric system.This is especially true in commercial buildings because of public occupancy, thoroughfare, and high occupancy density. In many commercial buildings

15、, the systems operating staff have very limited technical capabilities and may not have any specific electrical training.Various codes provide rules and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than outlined in the co

16、des according to his or her best judgment, while also giving consideration to utilization and economics.Personnel safety may be divided into two categories:1) Safety for maintenance and operating personnel2) Safety for the general publicSafety for maintenance and operating personnel is achieved thro

17、ugh the proper design and selection of equipment with regard to enclosures, key-interlocking, circuit breaker and fuse-interrupting capacity, the use of high-speed fault detection and circuit-opening devices, clearances, grounding methods, and identification of equipment.Safety for the general publi

18、c requires that all circuit-making and circuit-breaking equipment, as well as other electrical apparatus, be isolated from casual contact. This is achieved by using dead-front equipment, locked rooms and enclosures, proper grounding, limiting of fault levels, installation of barriers and other isola

19、tion (including special ventilating grills), proper clearances, adequate insulation, and similar provisions outlined in this recommended practice.Circuit protection is a fundamental safety requirement of all electric systems. Adequate interrupting capacities are required in services, feeders, and br

20、anch circuits. Selective, automatic isolation of faulted circuits represents good engineering practice. Fault protection, which is covered in Chapter 9, should be designed and coordinated throughout the system. Physical protection of equipment from damage or tampering, and exposure of unprotected eq

21、uipment to electrical, chemical, and mechanical damage is necessary.1.12 Design ConsiderationsElectrical equipment usually occupies a relatively small percentage of total building space, and, in design, it may be easier to relocate electrical service areas than mechanical areas or structural element

22、s. Allocation of space for electrical areas is often given secondary consideration by architectural and related specialties. In the competing search for space, the electrical engineer is responsible for fulfilling the requirements for a proper electrical installation while at the same time recognizi

23、ng the flexibility of electric systems in terms of layout and placement.Architectural considerations and appearances are of paramount importance in determining the marketability of a building. Aesthetic considerations may play an important role in the selection of equipment, especially lighting equi

24、pment. Provided that the dictates of good practice, code requirements, and environmental considerations are not violated, the electrical engineer may have to negotiate design criteria to accommodate the desires of other members of the design team. 1.12.1 Coordination of DesignThe electrical engineer

25、 is concerned with professional associates such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, the structural engineer, and, where underground services are involved, the civil engineer. They must also be concerned with the builder and the building owner or operator who, as clients, may take an active in

26、terest in the design. More often, the electrical engineer will work directly with the coordinator of overall design activities, usually the architect, or the project manager; and must cooperate with the safety engineer, fire protection engineer, perhaps the environmental enginner, and a host of othe

27、r concerned people, such as space planners and interior decorators, all of whom have a say in the ultimate design. The electrical designer must become familiar with local rules and know the authorities having jurisdiction over the design and construction. It can be inconvenient and embarrassing to h

28、ave an electrical project held up at the last moment because proper permits have not been obtained, for example, a permit for a street closing to allow installation of utilities to the site or an environmental permit for an on-site generator.Local contractors are usually familiar with local ordinanc

29、es and union work rules and can be of great help in avoiding pitfalls. In performing electrical design, it is essential, at the outset, to prepare a checklist of all the design stages that have to be considered. Major items include temporary power, access to the site, and review by others. Certain e

30、lectrical work may appear in nonelectrical sections of the specifications. For example, the furnishing and connecting of electric motors and motor controllers may be covered in the mechanical section of the specifications. For administrative control purposes, the electrical work may be divided into

31、a number of contracts, some of which may be under the control of a general contractor and some of which may be awarded to electrical contractors. Among items with which the designer will be concerned are: preliminary cost estimates, final cost estimates, plans or drawings, technical specifications (

32、which are the written presentation of the work), materials, manuals, factory inspections, laboratory tests, and temporary power. The designer may also be involved in providing information on electrical considerations that affect financial justification of the project in terms of owning and operating

33、 costs, amortization, return on investment, and related items.Many electrical designs follow the concept of competitiveness in the commercial sense. Here, cost is a primary consideration, and such designs tend toward minimum code requirements. There is great pressure on the designer to consider cost

34、 above maintainability and long life. However, the experienced designer can usually adopt effective compromises.1.12.2 FlexibilityFlexibility of the electric system means the adaptability to development and expansion as well as to changes to meet varied requirements during the life of the building.

35、Often a designer is faced with providing utilities where the loads may be unknown. For example, many office buildings are constructed with the tenant space designs incomplete. In some cases, the designer will provide only the core utilities available for connection by others to serve the working are

36、as. In other cases, the designer may lay out only the basic systems and, as tenant requirements are developed, fill in the details. Often the tenant provides all of his or her own working space designs.Because it is usually difficult and costly to increase the capacity of risers and feeders, it is i

37、mportant that provisions for sufficient capacity be provided initially. Extra conductors or raceway space should be included in the design stage if additional loads may be added later. This consideration is particularly important for commercial buildings with the increasing use of electronic equipme

38、nt and air conditioning. The cost and difficulties in obtaining space for new feeders and larger switchgear, which would be required when modernizing or expanding a building, may well be considered in the initial design. A load growth margin of 50% applied to the installed capacity of the major feed

39、ers is often justified where expansion is anticipated. Each project deserves careful consideration of the proper load growth margin to be allowed.Flexibility in an electric wiring system is enhanced by the use of oversize or spare raceways, cables, busways, and equipment. The cost of making such pro

40、visions is usually relatively small in the initial installation.Empty riser shafts and holes through floors may be provided at relatively low cost for future work. Consideration should be given to the provision of satellite electric closets initially for future expansion. Openings through floors sho

41、uld be filled in with fireproof, easily removed materials to prevent the spread of fire and smoke between floors. For computer rooms and the like, flexibility is frequently provided by raised floors made of removable panels, providing access to a wiring space between the raised floor and the slab be

42、low.商业楼宇摘要：提供商业楼宇电气设计指南和一般参考。它涵盖了负荷特性; 电压考虑电源和配电设备 ;控制器 ;服务，拱顶，电气设备室 ;布线系统 ;系统的保护和协调 ;照明 ;空间电空调，运输，通 信系统的规划，设备自动化 ;扩张，现代化建设和康复 ;所占用的特殊要求 ;和电能管理。虽然 向面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有限， 它可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程 师的援助。 这个建议的做法是不打算成为一个完整的手册，但是，它可以直接工程师到文本，期刊和商业楼宇的引用，并作为行动指南，通过无数的法规，标准和做法，由IEEE 出版，其他专业协会和政府机构。关键词：商业大厦，电力系统，负

43、荷特性介绍1.1范围：此建议的做法可能会成为最大的价值面向工程师的权力与商业建设的经验有 限。它也可以是一个负责所有商业楼宇电气设计工程师的援助。但是，它不打算应用许多优秀的工程技术文本和常用手册，也不是不足够的详细设计手册。 它应被视为对商业楼宇的电气设计指南和一般参考。1.2商业楼宇 “商业，住宅，建筑物和体制”作为本章，包括工业建筑和私人住宅以外的所有建筑物。它包括办公和公寓楼，宾馆，学校，教堂，海洋，航空，铁路，巴士站，百货公司，零售商店，政府大楼，医院，养老院，精神和惩教机构，影剧院，体育场馆，以及其他直接服务市 民的建筑物。 建筑物或部分建筑物内的工业园区， 这是作为办公室或医疗设

44、施或类似的非工业用途使用，属于这个建议的做法的范围。 今天的商业楼宇，因为他们的规模日益扩大和复杂性，已成为越来越多后，充足和可靠 的电力系统的依赖。可以更好地理解现代商业建筑的复杂性，由检查系统，设备和1.2.中所列的设施。1.3电气设计元素尽管在各种各样的商业， 住宅和机构的建筑物， 一些电气设计元素共同所有。 下面列出的 这些元素， 将在这一节中详细讨论一般在此建议的做法， 其余部分的动力， 照明和辅助系统 的设计中考虑的主要设计元素包括： 1）大小，质量，特点，需求，巧合还是载荷和载荷因素的多样性 2）服务，分配和利用电压和电压调节3）灵活性和扩展的规定4）可靠性和连续性5）人员和财产

45、的安全6）初始和维持费用7）操作和维修。8）故障电流和系统的协调9）动力源。10）配电系统11）法律规定的和可选的待机 /应急电源系统12）节约能源，需求和控制13）符合法规要求14）相关的网站的特别要求：抗震要求，高度，声级，安全性，接触物理元素，火灾隐患， 危险地段，功率调节，不间断电源（UPS）系统1.4安全 生命和财产保全的安全性在电力系统的设计，最重要的因素有两个。因为市民入住，通途， 都会占用密度高的商业大厦。 在很多商业楼宇， 系统操作人员的技术能力非常有限， 可能不 会有任何具体的电力方面的培训。各种规则提供最低保障的生命和财产的规则和规例。电气设计工程师往往会提供大于规则，

46、根据他或她的做出最好的判断，同时也考虑到利用和经济保障。人员的安全，可分为两类：1）为维护和操作人员的安全2）为广大市民的安全 维护和操作人员的安全是通过适当的设计和设备选型方面来完成，钥匙环环相扣， 断路器和熔断器分断能力，使用高速的故障检测和电路开启装置，间隙，接地方法和设备识别。 为广大市民的安全要求， 所有的电路决策和破电路设备， 以及其他电气设备。 这是通过使用 前端设备，控制和机柜，正确的接地，故障水平的限制，安装的障碍和其他隔离（包括特殊 的通风格栅），适当的间隙，足够的绝缘，类似的规定，在此建议的做法概述。 短路保护是所有电力系统的基本安全要求。服务，馈线和分支电路，需要足够的打断能力。 选择性，电路故障自动隔离，表示良好的工程实践。故障保护，这是第9章中所涵盖的，应设计和整个系统的协调。物理设备损坏或篡改，和暴露未受保护的设备，电气，化工，机械 损伤保护是必要的。1.5设计注意事项 电气设备通常占有总建筑空间的比例相对较小， 在设计上， 它可能是更容易比电气机械领域 或结构元素服务领域发生改变。 电气