英语语法总结范文

1、聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄

2、羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈

3、膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂

4、羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇

5、袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁

6、聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅

7、羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂

8、膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆

9、羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁

10、袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅

11、肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿

12、袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃

13、膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀

14、羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅

15、袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿

16、肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃

17、袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇

18、膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂

19、羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆

20、膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃

21、肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇

22、袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁

23、膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆

24、羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀

25、膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄

26、肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁

27、袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅

28、肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇 英语常用语法讲与练第一节 动词时态的典型用法（Tenses）英语中动词时态常见的有16种,参见下表:体时间一般体进行体完成体完成进行体现在1) 一般现在时 do/does5)现在进行时am/is/are doing9)现在完成时have/has done13)现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去2)一般过去时did6)过去进行时was/were doing10)过去完成时had done 14)过去完成进行时had been doing将来3)一般将来时shall/will do7)将来进行时will be doing11)将来完成时will have

29、 done15)将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来4)过去将来时should/would do 8)过去将来进行时would be doing12)过去将来完成时would have done16)过去将来完成进行时would have been doing就其用法各举一例如下：1） Water boils at 100.2） He went to Beijing ten times in 2000.3） I will go before he comes.4） She would not leave until I returned.5） I will think

30、 it over while you are collecting materials.6） She told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.7） I will be sitting in front of the TV set this time tomorrow.8） He promised that he would be looking after my dog when I left here. 9） We havent heard from each other for three years.10) Jane had learned C

31、hinese before she came to China.11) By the end of this term, I will have taught at his college for 10 years.12) Yesterday Mr. Li said he would have been in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.13) He has been writing letters since his morning.14) After driving for a long time, she sudden

32、ly realized that she had been driving in the wrong direction all the afternoon.15) By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for 6 hours. 16) Yesterday Mr. Li said he would have been teaching in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.1一般现在时 (the simple present tense

33、)1) 经常发生或反复发生的动作:He smokes a lot.How often do you go swimming?2) 现时的情况与状态:I know you are busy.How do you like this city?3) 永恒的真理:Summer follows spring.The sun rises in the east. 还常常用于静态动词(表示一种状态的动词),代替使用进行时态: 如mean, seem, hate, surprise, guess, feel, hope, sound, need, know, understand, wish等. 表示现在时

34、刻发生的动作: 运动解说,演示说明,动作描述,剧情介绍,舞台动作说明,用来指引道路,图片说明. 表示将来情况: 表示规定,时间表,计划或安排要发生的事情,这时有一个表示未来时间的状语,只限于少数动词,如 arrive, be, begin, close, come, depart, dine, end, finish, go, leave, open, return, sail, start, stop. 另外在由if, unless, even if, when, after, before, as soon as, as long as, as等引导的时间或条件从句中,一般只能用一般现在时

35、表示将来的动作.Turn off the lights before you leave.If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 表示过去动作的用法,只限于少量动词,如hear, say, tell等.Yes, you answer quite well.Oh, I forget where she lives.此外,故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘,报纸标题中,小说章节的题目中,引用书面材料时. 常常和一般现在时一道用的副词和状语.如 now, today, often, usually, normally, generally, weekly, seldom, nev

36、er, ever, at the moment, once a month, now and then等.2. 现在进行时 (the present continuous tense)1) 表示现在正在进行的动作:They are talking; they arent working.My head is aching.2)表示现在这个阶段正在发生的事(但说话的一刻不一定在进行):Are you staying at the hotel?Whats your daughter doing these days?在进行时用于表示将来动作的用法:如果主语是表示事物的名词作主语,动词都以一般现在时

37、表示将来动作,如果以人为主语,表示是安排要进行的动作,一般用现在进行时.另外,还有be going to 这个结构经常用来表示未来的情况,一是表示准备,打算干什么,二是表示即将发生的情况.Im going to buy some cassette tapes.Oh dear! Its ten to nine. Im going to be late. 有在时间或条件从句中,有时会用现在进行时表示未来动作.While you are traveling there, you must visit these places. 表示经常性动作的用法,这时都表现某类情绪.这类句子常带有 always,

38、 constantly, forever, continually, perpetually这类副词.She is forever complaining about her job.You are always leaving your clothes on the floor! 至有一些静态动词也用于现在进行时.Im hoping you will come. 除了以上这些,还可用于戏剧式的描绘,解说词,暂时的情况,新闻标题等. 3. 现在完成时(the present perfect tense)现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态.谈的都是已经发生的事,但和现在都有某种关系,就是

39、指从过去某时到现时,某事已完成或已经发生.如:Ive lost my passport.Has he found her car key?这个时态经常和just, already, yet, ever, always, before, so far, for, since, how long等词连用.Ive already posted your letters.有时表示从过去到现在这一段时间内发生的事.Ive been there twice this year.有时表示持续到现在的状态.Ive waited a week for your answer. have gone to/have

40、 been to 和time连用的情况 have got to=have to 4. 现在完成进行时(the present perfect continuous tense)现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能正在进行.如:The ground is wet. It has been raining.Youre out of breath. Have you been running?用这个时态经常有一个表示现在之前这一段时间的状语,如all day, for some years, since, recently, how long, long, a

41、ll等.有时表示在持续的一段时间中动作的多次重复(而动作不一定在持续):Jim has been phoning Jerry every night for the past week.第二节 动词语态的典型用法 (Voices)英语语态有两种：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。一般来说，被动语态的主语是动词的承受者，即动作的对象。被动语态的形式是：be +过去分词。常用的被动语态构成形式如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在1）am/is/are done5）am/is/are being done7）have/has been done过去2）was

42、/were done6）was/were being done8）had been done将来3）shall/will be done_9) shall/will have been done过去将来4）should/would be done _10）should/would have been done举例：1) A car is powered by gasoline.2) All eyes were turned upon him.3) Other processes will be discussed briefly.4) The manager said that the mat

43、ter would be discussed at the next meeting.5) Who is being operated on?6) At that time, I didnt know who was being operated on.7) No decision has been made about the matter yet.8) I was informed that the meeting had been postponed till next Friday.9) Hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out

44、by the time we get there.10) He hid himself in a pile of dry weeds. Otherwise he would have been discovered.除了以上这些,不定式,分词,动名词也可有被动态.如:The obstacle has to be removed in the path. （不定式的被动式）Being attacked by criminals, he cried out for help. （分词被动式）He tried his best to avoid being misunderstood. （动名词被动

45、式）The building can be completed next week. （带情态动词的被动式）特别提示： 有些动词以主动形式出现，却有被动含义。The knife cuts well.The cloth feels smooth. 短语动词构成的被动语态中，介词或副词不可省略。More schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future.Time must be made good use of. 主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词(see, hear, watch, make, let)后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前

46、往往不带to，但在被动语态中带to。She was seen to pass by the window.He was heard to sing midnight. 主动形式表被动意义的几种情况。a. 某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以用主动表示被动意义，如look, smell, taste, feel, sound, prove, wear 等。The flower smells sweet.Her voice sounds beautiful.b. 在want, need, deserve, require和worth后，可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。The house wants

47、repairing. (= to be repaired)The novel is worth reading twice. (= to be read twice)c. 在某些做表语的形容词后用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。He is hard to please.The passage is difficult to read. 有少数动词的进行时可以表示被动意义。The breakfast is cooking.The book is printing.被动语态除用“be+过去分词”表达外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构表达。He got punished for his wrong do

48、ing.He got scolded by his parents.不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如appear, die, happen, belong to等。及物动词大多数都能用于被动语态，但某些表示静态意义的及物动词不能，如fit, cost, lack, suit, contain等。The book costs 10 Yuan.The hat doesnt suit me.第三节 句子与从句 (Sentences and Clauses)1.英语的句子按使用目的可分为四类：陈述句 (Declarative Sentences)疑问句A一般疑问句 (General Questions)

49、B特殊疑问句 (Special Questions)C选择疑问句 (Alternative Questions)D反意疑问句 (Disjunctive Questions)祈使句 (Imperative Sentences)感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentences)1) 陈述句用来陈述一个事实或者观点.Mary arrived quite early this morning.2) 一般疑问句以助动词(do, does, did, have, had, be, will, would, shall, should),情态动词(can, could, may, might, must

50、, ought to)开始,通常要求以Yes或No回答。Did Mary arrive early this morning?3) 特殊疑问句通常以一个疑问词开始,语序要倒装: who, what, which, when, where, how(how long, how soon, how often).When did Mary arrive this morning?4) 选择疑问句一般用or来连接两个选择部分,不能用Yes或No回答。Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?5

51、) 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后,加一个简短问句,对前面事实加以订正,确认或反诘的一种问句形式.Mary arrived quite early this morning, didnt she?6) 祈使句上无主语句,表示请求,叮嘱,命令,号召等.Open the classroom for Mary, please.7) 感叹句用来表示强烈的感情或情绪,句首由what或how引导,句末加感叹号. How early Mary arrived this morning!What a hard-working girl Mary is! 2. 英语的句子按结构分，可分为三类：简单句 (Simple

52、 Sentences)并列句 (Compound Sentences)复合句(Complex Sentences)A. 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)a.主语从句 (The Subject Clauses)b.表语从句 (The Predicative Clauses)c.宾语从句 (The Objective Clauses)d.同位语从句 (The Appositive Clauses)B定语从句 (The Attributive Clauses)C状语从句 (The Adverbial Clauses)1) 简单句:句子各成分都只是由单词或短语表示,而且句子中只包含一个主谓结构的

53、句子.其中主语可以是并列主语,谓语可以是并列谓语.Mary is a good student.He rose, put on his coat and walked out of the office.Mr. Smith and Mr. Bank witnessed a car accident last evening.2) 并列句:包括由对等连接词连接的两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子.连接词可以是and, or, but.Sarah and Kathy were good friends, but their friendship broke up in the end.Environme

54、nt pollution is a worldwide problem and its hard to handle.Hurry up or well miss the train.3) 复合句:由一个主句和一个或几个子句(从句)构成的句子.句中主谓结构不止一个,但它们是有主从这种层级差别的.从句是主句的一个句子成分,可以担当主句的主语,表语,宾语,同位语,定语,状语.主语从句 ( The Subject Clauses)： That he won the first prize is known to us all. Which team has won the game is not kn

55、own yet. Whoever leaves the room last should turn off the light. Whether (or not) Peter will attend the lecture hasnt been decided yet. What he said is true. Who will chair the meeting has not been decided yet. Whatever is worth doing should be done well. Where to go for a picnic has not been decide

56、d. It is still a question whether he will come to help. 表语从句 (The Predicative Clauses)： The problem is that weve lost our way. The question is how we can get in touch with him. This is what he said to me. The question is whether it is worth trying. It seems that it is going to snow. The reason why I

57、 was angry is that he had repeated the same mistake. It is because that the plan should be carried out immediately. 宾语从句 (The Objective Clauses)： He said (that) he didnt like her. I dont know whether he will come. He asked whom I borrowed the money from. We didnt know why she didnt come.21 The picture reminde