培养你的思考能力概论(Developing

1、Chapter 1 培養你的思考能力：概論(Developing Your Thinking: An Overview)& 什麼是思考？(What is thinking?)n It is purposeful mental activity over which we exercise some control.思考是一種當我們在行使控制力時有目的的心理活動。n Control is the key word.控制即為關鍵字。n As long as we are steering our mind, we are thinking.只要我們掌控自己的心智，就是思考。n Thinki

2、ng is any mental activity that helps formulate or solve a problem, make a decision, or fulfill a desire to understand. It is a searching for answers, a reaching for meaning.思考是指任何有關幫助我們系統地闡述問題或解決問題、作決定，以及滿足瞭解需求的任何心理活動。n The form a thought takes in our minds is usually verbal, but not necessarily so.

3、想法進入我們心裡的形式通常是口頭的，但也不必然如此。& 思考的重要性(The importance of thinking)n The possession of factual knowledge does not by itself guarantee success in problem solving.擁有真實的知識並不保證能夠成功的解決問題。n Since the advent of “quality management,” employers have learned to value employees who are willing and able to contr

4、ibute ideas for the improvement of the company. In recent years, this perspective has been reinforced by three developments: the knowledge explosion, the communications technology revolution, and the rise of the global economy.自從素質管理的出現以來，雇主已經學會對於有意願，以及有能力提供意見改善公司的受雇者進行評價。近幾年來，這個觀點已經被三種發展動向所加強：知識爆炸、

5、通訊技術革命，和全球經濟的興起。& 大腦與心靈同時運作(Brain and mind at work)n As James Mursell has observed, “Any notion that better thinking is intrinsically unlearnable and unteachable is nothing but a lazy fallacy, entertained only by those who have never taken the trouble to consider just how a practical job of thin

6、king is really done.”如同James Mursell所觀察到，任何改善思考的概念，本質上都是不可學和不可教的，這些概念不過是一種懶散的謬誤，用來娛樂那些不曾憂心細想思考的實際工作如何真正被完成的人們。n A cottage industry一種家庭工業n Neurophysiological research seems to parallel cognitive psychologists earlier realization that the mind has two distinct phases-the production phase and the judgm

7、ent phase-that complement each other during problem solving and decision making.神經生理學的調查研究似乎和認知心理學家早期的認識相似，認為心靈有兩個不同階段生產階段和評判階段在解決問題和做決定的過程中，心靈將完成每一個階段。n 生產階段(The production phase)u In this phase, which is most closely associated with creative thinking, the mind produces various conceptions of the p

8、roblem or issue在這個和創造性思考最有關係的階段裡，心靈製造了有關問題和爭論的各種不同概念。u Good thinkers produce both more ideas and better ideas than poor thinkers. They become more adept in using a variety of invention techniques.好的思考者同時製造更多想法，和比思考貧乏者更好的想法。他們變得更熟練於使用各種不同的創造技巧。u Good thinkers tend to see the problem from many perspec

9、tives before choosing any one before turning to judgment.好的思考者傾向從很多不同角度來看問題，在評判之前他們會選擇任何一種可能的角度。u To take intellectual risks, to be adventurous and consider unusual ideas, and to use their imaginations.去冒聰明的險，大膽一點去思考奇特的想法，以及使用想像力。n 評判階段(The judgment phase)u In this phase, which is most closely assoc

10、iated with critical thinking, the mind examines and evaluates what it has produced在這個和批判思考最有關係的階段裡，心靈對於產生的想法進行檢查和評價。u Good thinkers base their conclusions on evidence rather than their own feelings. They double-check the logic of their thinking.好的思考者將他們的結論建立在證據的基礎上，而非建立在他們個人情感的基礎上。他們會反覆檢查自己的思考邏輯。&am

11、p; 好的思考是一種習慣(Good thinking is a habit)n Effective thinking is mostly a matter of habit.有效的思考大都取決於習慣這項因素。n E. Paul Torrance has shown that fully 70 percent of all creative people score below 123 on IQ tests.E. Paul Torrance已經證明，在所有具有創造性的人們當中，足足有百分之七十的人IQ測驗分數低於一百二十三分。n The difficulty of improving your

12、 thinking depends on the habits and attitudes you have.改善人們思考的困難在於其所持有的習慣和態度。n You must supply the most important ingredients: the desire to improve and the willingness to apply what you learn.你必須提供最重要的因素：渴望改善，以及有意願去應用所學。& 本書架構(The structure of this book)n The purpose of the book is to teach you

13、 how to think more creatively and critically.本書旨在教你如何具有創造性和批判性的思考。n Teaching you how to think liberates you from dependency on others ideas and helps you form sound and sensible ideas of your own.本書教你如何思考，以便從附屬於他人的想法中解放，並且幫助你形成自己合理而明智的想法。& 用努力來獲得更多(Getting the most from your efforts)n Simply bec

14、ause they are using work habits borrowed from someone else or fallen into by chance or force of circumstance.（這句有遺漏其他字嗎？） Your best approach is not to assume that your work habits fit your needs but to experiment a little and find out what really works best for you.只因為他們使用從別人那裡借來行得通的習慣，或是意外掉入或你的最佳態度

15、不是認為你的工作習慣合你所需，而是多一點實驗去發現對你而言最有效的方法。n 考慮時間(Consider time)u An hour of prime time will often get better results than two or three hours of the wrong time.一小時的基本時間，通常會得到比兩小時或三小時的錯誤時間還要好的效果。n 考慮地點(Consider place)n 考慮狀況(Consider conditions)u Dont confuse what you like with what works best for you.不要混淆你所

16、喜歡的和對你而言最有效的。& 用感覺來得到優勢(Using feelings to advantage)n Albert Einstein himself affirmed the role of intuition in science. “There is no logical way to the discovery of complex scientific laws,” he explained. “There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behi

17、nd the appearance.”Albert Einstein自己申明了科學裡直覺的角色。他解釋道：沒有必然的方法去發現複雜的科學定律。只有直覺的方法，得到感覺的幫助，去發現表面背後的規律。n Accept the challenge of finding your best and noblest feelings and allowing them to motivate you.接受挑戰去發現你最佳的、最高尚的感覺，並且使他們可能去激發你。& 學習專注(Learning to concentrate)n To concentrate means to return our

18、attention to our purpose or problem when ever it wanders.專注是指，當我們的注意力還在漫遊時，將其轉向我們的目的和問題。n The secret of efficient thinkers is not that they experience fewer distractions, but that they have learned to deal with them more quickly and more effectively than inefficient thinkers do.有效思考者的秘密不是他們經歷較少的注意力分

19、散，而是他們已經學會比無效率思考者更快、更有效地處理注意力分散。& 複製挫敗(Coping with frustration)n Good thinkers, however, have learned strategies for dealing with their frustration, while poor thinkers merely lament it.然而，當思考貧乏者只是悲嘆挫敗的同時，好的思考者已經學會了處理挫敗的策略。& 讓討論有意義(Making discussion meaningful)1. 不論任何時間盡可能事先準備(Whenever possi

20、ble, prepare in advance)u An agenda一項議程u The assignment schedule作業時間表u Use this advance information to prepare for discussion.使用預備資訊以備討論。u Begin by reflecting on what you already know about the topic.仔細考慮關於這項論題你已經知道的部分，並且開始。u Expand your knowledge (fifteen or twenty minutes of focused searching on t

21、he Internet.)展開你的知識（在網路上聚焦搜尋大約十五或二十分鐘。）u Anticipate the different points of view and consider the relative merits of each.預先考慮不同的觀點，並且考慮每一點的相關功過。u Keep your conclusions very tentative at this point.在這個地方嘗試整理結論。2. 設定合理的期望(Set reasonable expectations)u And when they encounter ideas that differ from th

22、eir own, they naturally want to know what evidence supports those ideas.當他們遇到和自己不同的意見時，他們自然想要知道有哪些證據支持那些想法。3. 避免自我中心及個人議程(Leave egotism and personal agendas at the door)u Discussion requires an atmosphere of mutual respect and civility.討論需要互相尊重和禮貌的氛圍。u Egotism produces disrespectful attitudes toward

23、 others.自我中心會產生對別人不尊重的態度。u Personal agendas can lead to personal attacks.個人議程會導致私人攻擊。4. 有貢獻但不是主宰(Contribute but dont dominate)u Discussions tend to be most productive when everyone contributes ideas.當每個人都貢獻意見時，討論將會最富有成效。5. 避免使用會讓人分心的說話技巧(Avoid distracting speech mannerisms)u Whenever you are engaged

24、 in a discussion, aim for clarity, directness, and economy of expression.每當你加入討論，致力於清楚、直接和經濟的表達方式，避免使用會讓人分心的說話技巧。6. 積極地聽(Listen actively)u The mind can process ideas faster than the fastest speaker can deliver them.心靈在處理想法能夠更快於最快的演講者所能發表的。u The best way to maintain your attention is to be alert for

25、such distractions and to resist them. Strive to enter the speakers frame of mind and understand each sentence as it is spoken and to connect it with previous sentences.維持你的注意力最好的方法就是對於分心保持警覺，並且避免分心。努力進入演講者的心靈架構，並且瞭解每一句被說出的話語，以及連結前一個句子。7. 為評斷的想法負責(Judge ideas responsibly)u Fairness demands that you b

26、ase your judgment on thoughtful consideration of the overall strengths and weaknesses of the ideas, not on you initial impressions or feelings.公平是需要你依據從頭到尾細心地考慮想法的長短處來評斷，而不是依據你的直覺印象或感覺。8. 抗拒那些因激動而喊叫或中斷他人發言的行為(Resist the urge to shout or interrupt)u In many case Shouting and interrupting are also a s

27、ign of intellectual insecurity?在很多情況下，喊叫和中斷他人發言的行為也是一種理智不穩定的徵象。u Make it your rule to disagree with out being disagreeable.讓它成為你的法則，和那些表現出脾氣壞的人意見不一。& 初步的思考策略(Preliminary thinking strategies)n The first kind, warm-up exercises.第一種，暖身練習。n The second kind are applications.第二種是應用。n A composition/speech exercise.一種寫作說話能力的練習。n Although writing is most comm