艺术生高考文化课辅导英语讲义-句子基本结构 矿大长远

1、矿大长远教育 着力培养学生的高考思想 明确考试要点 理清解题思路 助你成功矿大长远教育 艺术生 全日制高考冲刺班 讲义英语句子基本知识（讲义）一.句子成分知识1.主语：a.表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，b.置于句首. C.一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当。如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are gir

2、ls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）2.谓语：a.说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，b.位于主语之后。C.谓语的构成如下：1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如He practices running every morning. 2

3、)复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：(not)We are students.3.表语：a.表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，b.它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。C.表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词

4、） Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词 The speech is exciting.（分词 Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4.

5、宾语：a.指动作所涉及的人或事物，b.位于动词之后。C.一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词He pretended not to see me.（不定式短

6、语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）D.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5.宾语补足语：a.用来对宾语进行补充和说明，b.置于宾语后。C.宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：(not)His father named him Dongming

7、.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介短）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）I found it difficult to refuse him. 6. 定语：a

8、.对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明的词、短语或从句称为定语.b.位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。C.一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当.如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our mo

9、nitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） Who is the woman being operated on? 7.状语：a. 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。b. 位于句首、中、尾。C.一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当.可由以下形式表示

10、：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分短） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：1)How about meeting again at

11、six?（时间状语） 2)Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） 3)I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）4)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） 5)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）6)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） 7)In order to catch up

12、with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） 8)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）9)She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） 10）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）11）United，we stand；divided ，we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。8.同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样.那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry.

13、 这是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard. 9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。 二句子类型 一）按用途（作用）分 在交际和交流中，语言的作用主要体现在陈述事实、提出请求、发布命令、发出感慨及提出问题等方面，因此，在表示这些意义时，英语句子分别常用：陈述句，祈使句，疑

14、问句和感叹句来表示。（一）陈述句(declarative sentence)，用以陈述事实，叙述某件事情的发生、发展或内容的句子叫陈述句。陈述句句末一般用句号，朗读时一般用降调。陈述的内容有肯定和否定两种情况。如：We had neither money nor food. 我们既无钱又无食品。 Everything has three states, namely, solid, liquid and gas. 任何东西都有三种形态,即：固态、液态和气态。 Peoples Republic of China was founded on Oct. 1st, 1949. So far, we

15、havent found any living things on other planets in the universe. 到目前为止，我们还没有发现其他行星上有任何生物。（二）祈使句(imperative sentence),用来表达请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子就叫做祈使句。1.祈使句一般读降调.否定式都在句首加Dont. 如：Do be patient. 一定要有耐心。 Dont speak so loud. 讲话不要这样大声。 Be careful not to break anything. 当心别打破什么了. Please make sure (certain)th

16、at the house is properly locked. 请务必把房子锁好。 2. Let's do sth 中的us包含了let的主语本人, 后用shall we（或用shan't we) ? let us do sth 中,则不包含let的主语本人,后用will you（或won't you）? 如：Let's go and listen to the music, shall we（或用shan't we)? Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you （或won't you）

17、?3. 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。 Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ? （三） 感叹句(exclamatory sentence)，用以表示各种强烈的感情.人们在抒发赞美、喜悦、惊奇或愤怒等强烈的感情时，常用感叹句。感叹句句末一般用感叹号，说话时一般用降调。感叹句常用形式：1.what + (a / an ) + adj. + n.+ 主语 +动词! 如:What a beautiful flower it is! What a nice boy he

18、 is! 当名词为可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词时，不能加冠词。如： What nice tea it is! 多好的茶(from )！ What sweet apples they are! 多么甜的苹果！2. How + adj. / adv. + 主语 + 动词! 如：How fast he is running! How beautiful the city is! 另外，在英语使用当中，陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、词组、甚至单词等，都可表示强烈感情，从而成为感叹句。如：You are great!你真棒! (陈述句) Arent you a student?! 难道你不使学生？！(疑问句

19、) Stand in line! 排队! (祈使句) Dear me! 哎呀，天哪! (短语) Wonderful! 精彩极了! (单词)（四） 疑问句(interrogative sentence)，用以提出问题,用来询问情况、提出质疑、表示怀疑或征求意见时，就得使用疑问句。根据疑问句的形式和意义，可将疑问句分为四种类型，即：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。1. 一般疑问句：用yes或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句用升调。陈述句变为疑问句时分三种情况：1) 陈述句中有系动词be、助动词be, have / has, do, will, would, shall, should

20、, had或情态动词can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought时，将这些系动词、助动词或情态动词移到句首，并在句末加上问号。如： I visited Beijing last month. Did you visit Beijing last month?Ill go to the History Museum this afternoon. Will you go to the History Museum this afternoon?在对疑问句进行回答时，须注意：(1) 当回答could, would所提的问题时，一般用can, wil

21、l. 如：Could you help me with my homework this evening? Yes, I can. / No, I cant. Would you go there right now? Yes, I will. / No, I wont. 在对方向你表示邀请时，可用OK, sorry等来替代Yes，No. (2) 在对用may所提问题的否定回答时，一般用mustnt / cant；而在对用 must所提的问题进行否定回答时，一般用neednt / dont have to. 如：May I use your bike now? Yes, you may. /

22、No, you cant. (mustnt) Must I stay at school this afternoon? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt (dont have to). 2) 原陈述据的 谓语由实意动词（或称行为动词）充当时，则在句首加助动词Do的适当形式，同时，将谓语动词变为原形动词。 We speak Chinese. Do you speak Chinese? 你讲汉语吗？I went shopping yesterday. Did you go shopping yesterday? 昨天你去买东西了吗？(3) 原陈述句中，若谓语动词是h

23、ave / has, 则须考虑have / has的意义。如果have / has是“有”的意义时，变为疑问句时，既可在句首加Do的适当形式，也可将have / has,提到句首。如:He has a beautiful pen. Has he a beautiful pen? / does he have a beautiful pen? 他有一只漂亮的钢笔吗？但若have / has,的意思不是“有”时，变为疑问句时，则必须在句手加Do的适当形式。如I have lunch at home. Do you have lunch at home? 你在家吃中饭吗？We had a meeti

24、ng last night. Did you have a meeting last night? 昨天晚上你开会了吗？(4) 原陈述句中有情态动词used to时，它的一般疑问句，可将used移到句首；也可在句首加Did 。如：I used to go swimming in the river. Did you use to go swimming in the river? / Used you to go swimming in the river? 你过去常常去那条河里游泳吗？(5) 当心need, dare两个动词。这两个动词既可以做情态动词又可以做行为动词。做情态动词时，直接将它

25、们移到句首。此时，若用need的问句，肯定回答时用must，否定回答时，用neednt。若作行为动词，则用Do的适当的形式提问。如：Need I come here tomorrow?Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. I need to go to school now. Do you need to go to school now?Dare you tell your father about it? Do you dare to go out at night? 2. 特殊疑问句 用特殊疑问代词或特殊疑问副词所引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句不能用ye

26、s或no来回答，而应根据具体情况作具体回答。疑问句常用降调。1) 特殊疑问代词： (1) what 问事物、情况或人的职业身份；如：Whats that over there? What do you like best？ Whats your favourite subject? 你最喜欢的是哪一学科？注意特殊意义的特殊疑问句:What day is it today? 今天星期几？Whats the date today? 今天是几号？What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ Whats Li Lei like? 李蕾像个什么样的人？(可以用来问相貌也可用来问人品) 另

27、外，有who,whom,which,etc.2) 特殊疑问副词(1) how 问情况、方式、程度等，如：How do you go to school? How do you work out the problem? 注意具有特殊意义的疑问句:How do you do? 你好吗？(初次见面用语) How are you? 你好吗？(熟悉人之间的问候语) How far is it from here to your school? How much is five and three? 五加三等于几？How much is a kilo of pork? 一公斤猪肉多少钱？ How lon

28、g will you stay there?你讲在那儿呆多久？How soon will you come back ？ How often do you have a sports class? 你每隔多久上一次体育课。(2) when 问时间（例略，下同） (3) where 问地点、处所 (4) why 问原因。  3. 选择疑问句 提出两个或两个以上的情况或事物来让听话人对它作出判断或选择，这样的疑问句就叫选择疑问句。这样的疑问句不能用yes或no来回答，只能从句子中选择一部分作为问题的答案。选择疑问句，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句有两种结构形式：1

29、). 一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句？如：Have you been there or will you go there? 你是已经去过那儿还将要去那儿？Can you speak English or can she speak English? 是你会讲英语还是她会讲英语？当or后面的疑问句与or前面的疑问句有相同部分时，相同部分一般省略。如：Will you go to work in Shanghai or (will you go to work ) in Shenzhen after your graduation? 你毕业以后是在上海工作还是去深圳工作呢？Are you

30、a worker or (are you ) a college student?2) Which / Who/what 所引导的特殊疑问句，A or B? 如：Which do you like better, this one or that one? 你更喜欢哪一个，这一个还是那一个？Who are you waiting for, Li Lei or Li Ming? 你在等谁，是李蕾还是李明？What are you going to do next, wait here or leave at once?4. 反意疑问句 反意疑问句用来征求对方对所陈述的事情、情况或观点的意见或看法

31、。结构为：陈述句，+ 简短的一般问句？A.一般说来，当前面的陈述句为肯定时，后面的问句为否定形式；反过来，当前面的陈述句为否定时，后面的问句则为肯定形式。前后两部分的人称、数及动词的类别、形式或时态都必须一致.B.反意疑问句中陈述部分读降调，而后面的问句可读升掉，也可读降调。不过，当后面的问句读升调时，表示一种疑问；读降调时，表示强调、质问等。如：You have decided it, havent you? 你决定好了，是吗？ You didnt bring it on you, did you? 原来你没有把他带在身上，是吗？C.对反意疑问句的回答，用yes或no。但必须注意的是：yes

32、后用肯定形式，no后用否定形式。虽然，有时yes译成汉语中的“不，不是，没有”, no译成汉语中的“是的”。如：They needed large quantities of wood for building houses, did they? 他们需要大量的木材来建房子，是吗？ Yes, they did. / No, they didnt. 是的，他们需要(木材建房子)。/ 不，他们不需要。Computers cant think, can they? 计算机不能思维，是吗？ Yes, they can. / No, they cant. 不，他们能思维。/ 是的，他们不能思维。D.如果

33、主句是I think, I suppose, I believe, I suspect, I imagine 等时，则简短问句反映的是that从句中主语与谓语之间的关系。例如：I suppose (that) he is serious, isnt he? They agreed that the United States shouldnt make a war on Iraq, didnt they? 注意：否定词移位的情况，如： I dont suppose (that) he is serious, is he? 二） 句子的种类(按结构分) 英语句子按其结构可分为下列四种类

34、型:简单句、并列句和复合句。（一）简单句(simple sentence)，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分所组成,只含有一个主谓结构的句子。简单句中有五种常见的基本结构，而且在实际运用的过程中，我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。如(划线部分都是句子的附加成份)：He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分

35、在句中作定语，修饰名词student)Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子) Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（二）并列句(compound sentence)，由两个或两个以上的简单句(即分句)组成。常用的并列连词有：and, or, but, so, while, when等。and用作并列连词，

36、连接两个并列句时，可表示并列关系、递进关系、因果关系。or可以表示并列关系，也可表示因果关系，but表示转折关系，so可表示因果关系。while可表示比较或对比，when 则表示时间，相当于and at that time(就在那时)。如：Work hard, and you will succeed. (and表示因果关系) Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. (or表示因果关系)He is old, but he still works as hard as young people. (but表示转折关系) Mr. Li is gene

37、rous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. (so表示因果关系) I earn only 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 我一个星期只赚50美元，而她却赚80美元。(while表示比较、对比) I was going to leave home when the telephone rang. (when表示时间，相当于and at that time) Take my advice, and let me drive you home. 听我的劝，让我开车送你回家。（三）

38、复合句(complex sentence)，由主句和其他从句组成,或含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。常见的从句有：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。从句部分一般都有引导词引导这个从句。如：As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个定语从句)What he says doesnt suit what he does. (本句包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；what he do

39、es 是一个宾语从句) Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引导一个表地点的状语从句) I asked how they were getting on. 我问他们相处得怎样。 Im worried about how were going to pay for the car. 我在发愁买车的钱如何付。 Youll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。 I found his letter long after he had left. You can take any r

40、oom you like. (四) 并列复合句(compound complex sentence)，即含有复合句的并列句，如：John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said she was too tired. 约翰想去参加晚会，但他的妻子说她太累了。 I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一

41、个有妻子和三个孩子的人，他家谁做饭，他回答说，谁先下班回来，谁就做饭。练习一.1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it. A. and B. orC. if D.so 2. Its the third time that John has been late, _? A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. WhatC. What a D. What an4. Let us

42、pass, _? A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ? A. do IB. dont I C. is he D. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _? A. will you B. had you C. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. andD. or8. Im s

43、orry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in h

44、is office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. orB. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high13. - Your uncle i

45、snt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired. A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. was makingB.

46、 makes C. is making D. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library. A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is st

47、rong, _ can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chi

48、cken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon aft

49、er dark _ home an hour later.A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived.D. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daught

50、er.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do. A. When left B. LeavingC. If you leave D. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does. A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare at D. Watch二 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who