美国文学American Literature

1、Brief Introduction to American LiteratureTeaching Purposes To enlarge your basic knowledge about British and American literature; To understand some literary quotations behind English language; To help you prepare TEM-8 exam and Entrance Exam for Post-graduate; To help you complete your degree thesi

2、s1. main themesl record of a quest / seekingl the continuous narrative of the pursuit of success and happinessthe lost continent of Atlantisthe golden “citiesof Cibola”Northwest Passage to the Orientdreams of successreligious freedomwestward movementfor happiness 2. principal forms of American liter

3、ature novelshort storypoemdramaprincipal forms3. Three Main Agesthe Age of Romanticismthe Age of RealismModern American Literaturethe Age of RomanticismAmerican literature between the War of Independence and the Civil WarPre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s)Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875)flowering time before

4、 American Civil War (1830 1860)declining time after American Civil War (1860 1875) Jefferson purchased Louisiana in 1803 many European immigrants began arriving in the US in the 1840s The US bought the land between Texas & California by the end of 1840s Farmers, ranchers（大牧场主）（大牧场主）, and gold miners

5、 continued to pour into Western US in the 1860s. Westward Expansion in the 18th and 19th Century of the USAwestward movementPre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s)Washington Irving 华盛顿华盛顿欧文欧文 （ 1783 1859）the “father of the American Literature”History of New York纽约外史纽约外史The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉阿尔罕伯拉Tour on Prairies草原

6、漫游记草原漫游记Rip Van Winkle瑞瑞普普.凡凡.温克尔温克尔The Sketch Book见闻札记见闻札记（1819 1820）The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说睡谷的传说short storiesa collection of essaysJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯詹姆斯.费尼莫尔费尼莫尔.库珀库珀（1789 1851）Pre-Romanticism (1770s 1830s)The Pioneers拓荒者拓荒者(1823)The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人最后的莫西干人(1826)The Prai

7、rie大草原大草原(1827)The Pathfinder 探路人探路人(1840) The Deerslaver杀鹿者杀鹿者(1841)the first American novelist who used the national theme, depicting the American WestLeatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事皮袜子故事集集Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875)Walden瓦尔登湖瓦尔登湖/ Life in the Woods林中林中生活生活(1854)Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫拉尔夫沃尔多沃尔多爱默生爱默生

8、（1803 1882）Nature论自然论自然(1836)the leader of the Transcendental Movement /Transcendentalismpoet & essayistHenry David Thoreau亨利亨利. 大卫大卫. 梭罗梭罗（18171862）challenged John Calvins doctrine and Puritans an American novelist, poet and criticthe first to create short stories as a writing formforerunner of sci

9、ence fictions, mystery stories and spy fictionsPost-Romanticism (1830s 1875)concentrated on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellect Edgar Allan Poe埃德加埃德加. 艾伦艾伦. 坡（坡（1809 1849）The Masque of Red Death红死病的假面舞会红死病的假面舞会The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍尔厦的倒塌厄舍尔厦的倒塌short stories (1835)Post-R

10、omanticism (1830s 1875)power of imaginationconcentrated on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellectNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔纳撒尼尔. 霍桑（霍桑（1804 1864）the most influential American romantic novelist in the 19th centuryThe Scarlet Letter红字红字(1850)Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875)power of imagina

11、tionconcentrated on human imagination and emotion rather than the intellectHerman Melville 赫尔曼赫尔曼. 梅尔维尔（梅尔维尔（1819 1891）an American poet and novelistMoby Dick白鲸白鲸(1851)an American masterpiecel the period of liberal reform in 1850s movement to end the institution of slaveryl Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里叶特

12、哈里叶特比彻比彻 斯托（斯托（1811 1896）Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875)“the lady who launched the American Civil War” (Lincoln) Uncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋汤姆叔叔的小屋(1852)an antislavery novelThe novel made the slavery question became a passionately debated political issue.The novel makes the miserable life of the negroes i

13、n the south of America exposed to the world and shows great sympathy for the negroes. Post-Romanticism (1830s 1875)Walt Whitman 沃尔特沃尔特. 惠惠特曼（特曼（1819 1892）the most outstanding American poet in the 19th centurythe first American poet to use free verse（自由诗体）（自由诗体） great contribution to American literat

14、ure the thought of democracy has been influential in world literature.Leaves of Grass草叶集草叶集(1855)“Song of Myself”自我之歌自我之歌 the first and the longest poem in Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass草叶集草叶集(1855)Americans greatest book of poemspraised as “Democratic Bible” and as American Epicthe lifelong work of

15、 Whitmanthe idea liberty, equality, fraternity（博爱）（博爱）Emily Dickinson（艾米莉（艾米莉. 迪金森）迪金森）an American woman poetwas regarded after her death as a great poet as Whitman in America of the 19th century writing stylepoetry mixed gaiety and gloomverses filled with the names of faraway, exotic places that sh

16、e visited only in imaginationfascinated by both life and deathbrief poems, rarely more than 12 or 15 lines longthe Age of Romanticismimportant literary termsappeared after 1830marked the maturity of American Romanticismthe first renaissance in the American literary historylaid emphasis on spirit and

17、 individual and natureTranscendentalismFree Versehas no regular rhythm or line length depend on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint（对照法）（对照法）of stressed and unstressed syllables the Age of RealismAmerican literature between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of World War Iindustriali

18、zationdevelopment of the Far West The Gilded Age镀金年代镀金年代the Age of Realismthe period of Regionalism（地方主义）（地方主义）“Local colorism”（乡土文学）（乡土文学）appeared when Realism first emerged in AmericaWilliam Dean Howells威廉威廉. 迪安迪安. 豪豪威尔斯（威尔斯（1837 1920）one of the most important leaders of the “Regionalism”The Rise

19、of Silas Lapham塞塞拉斯拉斯拉帕姆的发迹拉帕姆的发迹(1855)the Age of Realismthe period of Regionalism（地方主义）（地方主义）Mark Twain（马克（马克.吐温）吐温）pen name of Samuel Clemens（塞谬尔（塞谬尔克莱门斯）克莱门斯） the first major American writer to be born away from the East CoastThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝哈克贝里里. 费恩历险记费恩历险记(1884)The Adventu

20、res of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记汤姆索亚历险记(1876)the greatest novel in American literaturepeculiarly American sense of humoroutrageous jokes and tall tales in a calm, innocent, matter-of-fact mannerlocal dialect for comic effectrich in metaphor, newly invented words and drawling rhythm apparent shrewd social sa

21、tirewriting styleThe Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿王子与贫儿（1881）Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上密西西比河上（1883）other worksthe period of naturalism（自然主义）（自然主义）the Age of RealismEmile Zola（左拉）（左拉） a French novelist, founder of the naturalismStephen Crane（斯蒂芬（斯蒂芬. 克莱恩）克莱恩）Theodore Dreiser（西奥多（西奥多. 德莱赛）德莱赛） Sister

22、Carrie嘉莉妹妹嘉莉妹妹(1900)Upton Sinclair（厄普顿（厄普顿. 辛克莱）辛克莱） The Jungle屠场屠场(1906)Jack London（杰克（杰克. 伦敦）伦敦） Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤野性的呼唤(1903)naturalists developed from regional writersMaggie, A Girl of the Streets街头女郎玛吉街头女郎玛吉(1893)The Red Badge of Courage红色英雄勋章红色英雄勋章(1895)cross-century novelistthe Age of Rea

23、lismHenry James（亨利（亨利. 詹姆斯）詹姆斯）an American living in Europeexcellent at “international” novels and stories about Americans living in Europeone of the most distinguished novelists of the post-Civil War eraearly works (19th century)late works (20th century)The American 一个美国一个美国人人(1877)Portrait of a La

24、dy女士的女士的画像画像(1881)The Wings of the Dove鸽翼鸽翼The Ambassadors专使专使The Golden Bowl金碗金碗women noveliststhe Age of RealismEdith Wharton（伊迪丝（伊迪丝. 华顿）华顿）Kate Chopin（凯特（凯特. 肖邦）：肖邦）：stopped writing after her book was condemned by literary criticsWilla Cather（薇拉（薇拉. 凯瑟）凯瑟）: a major American writerThe House of Mi

25、rth欢乐之家欢乐之家The Age of Innocence纯真年代纯真年代The Awakening觉醒觉醒 story in the heart of the South AmericaO Pioneers！啊！拓荒者啊！拓荒者 life in midwestern Nebraska （内布拉斯加）（内布拉斯加） the Age of Realismblack writers (Afro-American writers)W. E. B. Dubois（杜波伊斯）（杜波伊斯）the first black writer in Americathe most influential bla

26、ck intellectual, leader of the literature and spirits in the 20th centurySouls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂黑人的灵魂(1903)the Age of Realism“revolt from village” worksthe first decades of the 20th centurybecame increasingly urbannew attitude of rebellion against the limited life of the typical small American town

27、Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德（舍伍德. 安德森）安德森）Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱（辛克莱. 路易斯）路易斯）Winesburg, Ohio俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡(1919)Main Street大街大街(1920)the first American Nobel Prize winner for literature (1930)Modern American LiteratureAmerican literature after World War IAmerican Literature between World War I and II (191

28、4 1945)American Literature after World War II (1945 )Modernism（现代主义）（现代主义）appeared after World War Icutting off history and a sense of despair and lossrefusing to accept the traditional concept of value and all traditional ideological influencesModern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between W

29、orld War I and II (1914 1945)poem(imagists)novel & short story(the Lost Generation)drama(playwright)Modern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945)poets (imagists)意象派诗人意象派诗人whose poems focus on strong, concrete imagesEzra Pound（伊兹拉（伊兹拉. 庞德）庞德） the beginner of the

30、 ImagistsT. S. Eliot（艾略特）（艾略特）dominated the Modernism in poetryThe Waste Land荒原荒原(1922)Robert Frost（罗伯特（罗伯特. 弗罗斯特）弗罗斯特）one of the undisputed masters of modern American poetrythe best known and the most welcome of the New England poetsNorth of Boston波士顿以北波士顿以北(1914) American Literature between World

31、War I and II (1914 1945)Modern American Literaturepoets (imagists)意象派诗人意象派诗人E. E. Cummings（肯明斯）（肯明斯）Wallace Stevens（华莱士（华莱士. 史蒂文斯）史蒂文斯）William Carlos（威廉（威廉.卡洛斯）卡洛斯）the forerunner of concrete poetry（具像诗）（具像诗） and visual poetry（视觉诗歌）（视觉诗歌）Modern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War

32、 I and II (1914 1945)novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”(1920s)the novelists who produced a literature of disillusionment in the aftermath of World War I, and some of them lived abroad.used their wartime experience as the basis for their workswere cut off from old values yet unable to come to

33、terms with the new erawondered pointlessly and restlesslywere frustrated by the warspokesman HemingwayModern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945)novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”(1920s)Ernest Hemingway（欧内斯特（欧内斯特 海明威）海明威）one of the greatest American wr

34、iters in the 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature (1954)The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起太阳照常升起(1923)A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器永别了，武器(1929)For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣丧钟为谁而鸣（1940）The Old Man and the Sea老人与海老人与海（1952）F. Scott Fitzgerald（斯科特（斯科特菲兹杰拉德）菲兹杰拉德）captured the restless, pleasure-hungry, defian

35、t mood of the 1920sModern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War I and II (1914 1945)novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”(1920s)The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比了不起的盖茨比（1925）Tender Is the Night夜色温柔夜色温柔（1934）Modern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War I and II (1914 1

36、945)novelists the Lost Generation“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”(1920s)William Faulkner（威廉威廉. 福克纳）福克纳） one of the most important American novelists of the 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature (1949)The Sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动喧哗与骚动(1929) Light in August八月之光八月之光(1932)Modern American LiteratureAmerican Literatur

37、e between World War I and II (1914 1945)the Lost GenerationJazz Era（爵士年代（爵士年代） American literature of the 1920sJazz a lively, powerful music which was brought by African-Americans who centered in an artistic black community in Harlem（哈莱姆）（哈莱姆）of New York CityModern American LiteratureAmerican Litera

38、ture between World War I and II (1914 1945)novelists (1930s)John Steinbeck（约翰（约翰. 斯坦贝克）斯坦贝克）Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特（玛格丽特. 米切尔）米切尔）The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄愤怒的葡萄(1939)Gone with the Wind飘飘/乱世佳人乱世佳人 (1936) historical fictionModern American LiteratureAmerican Literature between World War I and II (1914 19

39、45)dramaEugene ONeill（尤金（尤金. 奥尼尔）奥尼尔）the most famous playwright in Americaleading dramatistthe Nobel Prize winner for literature (1936) Desire Under the Elms榆树下的欲望榆树下的欲望 (1924) Mourning Becomes Electra悲悼悲悼 (1931)The Iceman Cometh卖冰的人来了卖冰的人来了(1939)Long Days Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢长夜漫漫路迢迢(1940)Modern American LiteratureAmerican Literature after World War II (1945 )Joseph Heller（约瑟夫（约瑟夫. 海勒）海勒）Catch 22第第22条军规条军规(1961)intelligent novels showing how the pressures of war highlight mens charactersBlack Humor（黑色幽默）（黑色幽默）African-American / Afro-Americ