初升高暑假复习资料(超实用)

1、一、 句子成分要点：英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、表语（predicative）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)其构成的五种基本句型为：基本句型一： +（不及物动词） （主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。Eg:1. The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. The pen writes smoothly基本句型二： +

2、 （系动词）+ （主谓表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 Eg: 1. This is a book.2. The dinner smells good.3. His face turned red.基本句型三： + （及物动词）+ （主谓宾）此句型

3、句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词.Eg: 1. She smiled her thanks.2. He enjoys reading.基本句型四： +(及物动词) +（多指人）+ （多指物） （主谓间宾直宾）此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略 Eg: 1. She ordered he

4、rself a new dress.2. He brought you a dictionary.基本句型五： + (及物)+ + （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。Eg: 1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green.练习题一、用所给的单词组成句子 1to, the, box, I, want, take, to, room, heavy, the. 2look, things, the, after,

5、boys, their, must. 3here, all, are, you. 4today, who, duty, is, on? 5Miss, them, 3 years ago, Wang, taught, Japanese. 6is, rice, bag, in, there, much, the. 7him, them, to, a, gift, promised, give, 1. 8begins, eight, the, English, at, class, o'clock. 二、完成下列句子 1Have you ever been to _ （最远的小岛） 2We

6、must _ our classroom _ .（保持清洁）. 3They _ _ _ _ and _ _ two hours（每二小时，必须坐下休息） 4After work he always _ _ _ _ （感到有点儿累）. 5The doctor _ _ Tom _ _ （非常仔细地做了检查）. 6There is _ _ （有点毛病）with Linda's cat's eyes. 7I can see _ _ （没有异常之物）in the tree. 8Mr. Fang is _ _ _ _ （去访问） his aunt. 9Mike _ _ _ his moth

7、er _ （得帮妈妈）the washing every Sunday. 三、指出下列句子的主语部分 1Who is the gentleman in the room? 2Who is singing on the platform? 3What he said is not true.说说你今天的收获吧：二、名 词要点：I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-

8、maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-

9、parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zer

10、oes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, w

11、orks, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表

12、示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,

13、Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants注意：以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths ，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b. news 是不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。d. 以复

14、数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 3不可数名词量的表示  可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of cake 4修饰可数名词的词有：many, few, a few, a number of, 数词 修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of 即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some (any), no, a lot

15、of，plenty of二、名词的格1.有生命的人、物及其他名词的所有格在词尾加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的书包2. 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字 the window of the house 。3. 时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-s todays newspaper, ten minutes walk the citys problem4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，

16、如：the barber's 理发店 at my aunts (house) go to the doctors . 5. 若名词词尾已有-s ，只加，如：Teachers Day the twins parents, the students books6. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）7. 双重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin

17、s a friend of my fathers / mine练习题：1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. A. little wage B. few wage C. wage D. wages2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes3. The students at coll

18、eges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.A. many preparations B. much preparation C. preparations D. preparation4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.A. oil B. an oil C. oils D. the oil5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of

19、C. a great deal of D. many6. The large houses are being painted, but _.A. of great expense B. at a great expense C. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense7. The room was small and contained far too _.A. much new furniture C. much new furnituresB. many new furniture D. many new furnitures8. Jim was

20、late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.A. rooms number B. room number C. rooms numbers D. room numbers9.Computers can do _work in a short time, but a man can not do _by himself. A great manymany C. mucha great deal B.great deal ofmuch D. manya great many10.She didnt

21、know _ he had been given.A. how many information C. how many informationsB. the number of information D. how much information11.He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-arms C. comrades-in-armB. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm12.All the _ in the hospital got a rise last mon

22、th.A. women doctors C. woman doctorsB. women doctor D. woman doctor13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_.A. growns-ups C. growns-upB. grown-up D. grown-ups14.The police investigated those _ about the accident.A.  stander-by C. standers-byB.  stander-bys D. standers-bys15.The Naz

23、i kept those _ in their concentration camp.A.prisoner-of-wars C. prisoners-of-warB.prisoners-of-wars D. prisoner-of-war说说你今天的收获吧：三、代 词I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名

24、词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us.I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）3反身代词

25、myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）

26、What is that? (作表语)Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系代词在后面的定语从句中会讲到：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/

27、every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either练习题：一、单项选择1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it. A. a little B. little C.

28、 a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich? -Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry. A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _. A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs5. -Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange

29、 or a bottle of milk? -_, thanks. Id like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None6. -Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. -Never mind. You can have _. A. us B. ours C. you D. yours7. -Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? -_ is OK. Im free today and tomorrow. A. Either B

30、. Neither C. Both D. None8. -How are you going to improve _ this term? -Work harder than last term. A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself9. -Could you tell me _ she is looking for? -Her cousin, Susan. A. that B. whose C. who D. which10. -Is _ here? -No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leav

31、e. A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody二、用适当的代词填空1. The old man has two sons. One is a worker, _ is a teacher.2. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running; some like swimming; _ like ball games.3. Lets go and have a drink. Weve got _ time before the train leaves.4. We wer

32、e all very tired, but _ of us would like to have a rest.5. _ of the twins are in our class.6. Boys, dont touch the machines, or you may hurt _.7. It is said there is going to be _ important in the CCTV news.8. We couldnt buy anything because _ of the shops opened at that time.9. They didnt learn _ n

33、ew in this lesson.10. -Why is _ easy for such a young girl to learn three foreign languages so well? -Because Britain, Germany and France are all very near _ country.说说你今天的收获吧：四、冠 词要点：1、冠词分类： 英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the，不定冠词a/an。2、不定冠词a / an的用法：不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前

34、面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。不定冠词的基本用法：(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying 。(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.3、定冠词

35、the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turn

36、s around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at th

37、e age of 5.(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the

38、 same time (与此同时) on the way(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况：(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.

39、(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：Childrens Day (7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at Peoples Cinema. (9) 一些习惯用语中不用。at / to /

40、from / out of / after / for school; on foot;练习题：1._recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_ year 2090.A. A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a2.If you go by _train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure

41、 you get _fast one. A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ 3. It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a4.I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _city ,I only remember it was _ Monday.。A. the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a5.If you grow up in _large fami

42、ly ,youare more likely to develop _ability to get on well with _others .A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the 6.Mrs ,Taylor has _8-year-old daughter who has _gift for painting she has won two national prizes.A. a, a B. an ,the C. an ,a D. th7.Afetr dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ri

43、de to _Capital Airport. A .the, a B. a the C. /, a D. /, the 8.On May 5,2005,at _World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHao won the gold medal in mens with _score of 4:1. A. a ,a B. / the C. a ,/ D. the ,a 9.I knew _John Lennon ,but not _famous one. A. /,a B. a ,the C. /,the D. the,

44、a 10.The book tells _life story of John Smith ,who left _school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. A. the, the B. a , the C. the./ D. a,/ 11.When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _hotel ; I can find you _bed in my flat.A. the ,a B. the,/ C. a ,the D. a,/12.If you buy mo

45、re than ten, they will knock20pence off_. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices 13._on-going division between English speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _major concern of the country.A. The ,/ B. The ,a C. An ,the D. An,/14.When he left _college ,he got a job as _reporter in a

46、newspaper office . A. /, a B/, the C .a the D .the, the15The most important thing about cotton in history is _part that it played in _Industrial Revolution. A. /,/ B. the,/ C. the , the D. a ,the说说你今天的收获吧：五、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级要点：一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下(1) 符合规则的：情 况加 法例 词一 般 情 况直接加 -er ; -estall-taller-ta

47、llest以e结尾的词加 r ; -stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er ; -estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -estthin-thinner-thinnest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加 more ; mostmore deliciousmost delicious(2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表：原 级比较级最高级good , wellbetterbestbad , illworseworstmany , muchmorem

48、ostlittlelessleastfarfarther / furtherfarthest / furthest二形容词和副词比较级的用法级别比较程度表达方式和意义例 句备 注原  级同等程度肯定形式As+原级+as(像一样)Art is as interesting as music.Play as well as you can. 否定形式not + so (as) +原级+as(不如那样)English is not so difficult as science.She does not study so well as I do.  比较级不

49、同程度（用于两者比较）比较级+than(比)Jim is older than Luky.I like pork better than beef.比较级前面可以加much, far, even, still,a lot, a little, a bit等程度加深比较级+and+比较级（越来越）The + 比较级，the + 比较级（越, 越）He is growing taller and taller.He studies better and better.The more books she reads, the better she understand. 最高级最高程度（

50、用于三者或三者以上）The +最高级+of (in)(最)Spring is the best season of the year.Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest of all.副词最高级前面的the 往往省略注意：有些形容词，如 dead, empty, round, sure, woolen 等受本身含义的限制，没有比较级。 三形容词副词比较级最高级的其他用法（1）和冠词连用the 形容词原级v(复)，指一类人或物the 形容词比较级，指两者中“较的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two a/ an 形容词比较级eg. The pen

51、 is expensive. I want a cheaper one. ( a) most形容词最高级“非常”eg. a most beautiful city( 2 ) 相关结构1) 原级比较：肯定句 as.as., 否定句not so / as.as.2) 比较句： 比较级 than.或more (less) .than.The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)3) 比较级 and比较级 或 more and more比较级 “越来越 ”richer and rich

52、er, more and more interesting4) The more., the more.“越， 越”The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.5) 比较级than any other n. （单） （适用于范围一致时） (all) other n.（复） any n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时） He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class. any student in my class.6) 倍数表

53、达法。A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.The new building is four times the size (the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。 Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。Your school is three times b