白皮书中国的能源状况与政策中英文对照

1、中国的能源状况与政策China's Energy Conditions and Policies、-刖百Preface能源是人类社会赖以生存和发 展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会 发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重 大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更 替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了 世界经济和人类社会的发展。Energy is an essential material basis for humansurvival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the

2、 progress of human civilizationhas been accompanied by energy innovationsand substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.过去100多年里，发达国家先 后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大 量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。 当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工 业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社 会发展的客观必然。

3、Over more than 100 years inthe past, developedcountrieshave completed their industrialization,consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization,and an increase of energ

4、yconsumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.中国是当今世界上最大的发展 中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是 中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段 时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代 末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快 的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得 了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开 辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世 界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eli

5、minating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliantachievements in itseconomy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, success

6、fully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics,and made significantcontributions to world development and prosperity.中国是目前世界上第二位能源 生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增 长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的 支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世 界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空 间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不 可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全 球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重 要的积极作用。China is now the world's seco

7、nd-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable compo

8、nent of the world energy market, China plays an increasinglyimportant role in maintaining globalenergy security.中国政府正在以科学发展观为 指导，加快发展现代能源产业，坚 持节约资源和保护环境的基本国 策，把建设资源节约型、环境友好 型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战 略的突出位置，努力增强可持续发 展能力，建设创新型国家，继续为 世界经济发展和繁荣作出更大贡 献。Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, the Chinese g

9、overnment is accelerating its development of a modern energy industry, taking resource conservation and environmental protectionas two basic statepolicies,givingprominence to buildingaresource-conserving and environment-friendly society in the course of its industrializationandmodernization, strivin

10、g to enhance its capability for sustainable development and making China an innovative country, so as to make greater contributions to the world's economy and prosperity.一、能源发展现状I. Current Situation of Energy Development能源资源是能源发展的基础。 新中国成立以来，不断加大能源资 源勘查力度，组织开展了多次资源 评价。中国能源资源有以下特点：Energy resource

11、s are the basis of energy development.Since NewChina was founded in 1949, it has madeconstant endeavors in energy resources prospecting,andconducted several resources assessments. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:能源资源总量比较丰富。中国拥启较为丰富的化石能源资 源。其中，煤炭占主导地位。2006年，煤炭保有资源量 103

12、45亿吨， 剩余探明可采储量约占世界的13%列世界第三位。已探明的石油、天 然气资源储量相对不足，油页岩、 煤层气等非常规化石能源储量潜力 较大。中国拥有较为丰昂的可再生 能源资源。水力资源理论蕴藏量折 合年发电量为6.19万亿千瓦时，经 济可开发年发电量约 1.76万亿千瓦 时，相当于世界水力资源量的12%列世界首位。-Energy resources abound. China boasts fairly richfossil energy resources, dominated by coal. By 2006, the reserves of coal stood at 1,034.

13、5 billion tons, and the remaining verified reserves exploitable accounted for 13 percent of the world total, ranking China third inthe world. The verified reserves of oil and natural gas are relativelysmall, while oil shale, coal-bed gas andother unconventional fossil energy resources have huge pote

14、ntial for exploitation. China also boasts fairly abundant renewable energy resources. In 2006, the theoretical reserves of hydropower resources were equal to 6,190 billion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power output was 1,760 billion kwh, equivalent to 12 percent of global hydropower r

15、esources, ranking the country first in the world.人均能源资源拥有量较 低。中国人口众多，人均能源资源 拥有量在世界上处于较低水平。煤 炭和水力资源人均拥有量相当于世 界平均水平的50%石油、天然气人 均资源量仅为世界平均水平的1/15左右。耕地资源不足世界人均水平 的30%制约了生物质能源的开发。-China's per-capita average of energy resources is very low. China has a large population, resulting in a low per-capita a

16、verage of energy resources in the world. The per-capitaaverage of both coal and hydropowerresources is 50 percent of the world's average, while the per-capitaaverage of both oil and natural gasresources is only about one-fifteenth of the world's average. The per-capita average of arable land

17、 is less than 30 percent of the world's average, which has hindered the development of biomass energy.能源资源赋存分布不均 衡。中国能源资源分布广泛但不均 衡。煤炭资源主要赋存在华北、西 北地区，水力资源主要分布在西南 地区，石油、天然气资源主要赋存 在东、中、四部地区和海域。中国 主要的能源消费地区集中在东南沿 海经济发达地区，资源赋存与能源 消费地域存在明显差别。大规模、 长距离的北煤南运、北油南运、西 气东输、西电东送，是中国能源流 向的显着特征和能源运输的基本格 局。-The

18、distributionof energy resources is imbalanced.China's energy resources are scattered widely across the country, but the distribution is uneven. Coal is found mainly in the north and the northwest, hydropower in the southwest, and oil and natural gas in the eastern, central and western regions an

19、d along the coast. But, the consumers of energy resources are mainly in the southeast coastal areas, where the economy is the most developed. Such a great difference of location between the producers and the consumers has led to the following basic framework of China's energy flow: large-scale t

20、ransportation over long distances of coal and oil from the north to the south, and transmission of natural gas and electricity from the west to the east.能源资源开发难度较大。 与世界相比，中国煤炭资源地质开 采条件较差，大部分储量需要井工 开采，极少量可供露天开采。石油 天然气资源地质条件复杂，埋藏深，- The development of energy resources is fairly difficult.Comparedwith

21、other parts of the world, Chinafaces severe geological difficulties in tapping its coal resources, and has to get most of its coal by underground mining, as only a small amount can be mined勘探开发技术要求较局。未开发的 水力资源多集中在西南部的图山深 谷，远离负荷中心，开发难度和成 本较大。非常规能源资源勘探程度 低，经济性较差，缺乏竞争力。by opencast methods. Oil and gas

22、resources are locatedin areas with complex geological conditions and at great depths, so advanced and expensive prospecting and tapping techniques are required. Untapped hydropower resources are mostly located in the high mountains and deep valleys of the southwest, far from the centers of consumpti

23、on, entailing technical difficultiesand highcosts.Unconventionalenergy resourcesareinsufficientlyprospected, their development isneither economical nor competitive.改革开放以来，中国能源工业 迅速发展，为保障国民经济持续快 速发展作出了重要贡献，主要表现 在：Since the reform and opening-up policieswereintroduced in China in the late 1970s, the c

24、ountry's energy industry has witnessed swift growth and made great contributions to the sustained and rapid growth of the nationaleconomy, with the followingdemonstrations:供给能力明显提高。经过 几十年的努力，中国已经初步形成 了煤炭为主体、电力为中心、石油 天然气和可再生能源全面发展的能 源供应格局，基本建立J较为完善 的能源供应体系。建成了一批千万 吨级的特大型煤矿。2006年一次能 源生产总量22.1亿吨标准煤

25、，列世 界第二位。其中，原煤产量 23.7亿 吨，列世界A位。先后建成了大 庆、胜利、辽河、塔里木哥什个 大型石油生产基地，2006年原油产 量1.85亿吨，实现稳步增长，列世 界第五位。天然气产量迅速提高， 从1980年的143亿立方米提高到 2006年的586亿立方米。商品化可 再生能源量在一次能源结构中的比 例逐步提高。电力发展迅速，装机 容量和发电量分别达到 6.22亿千瓦 和2.87万亿千瓦时，均列世界第二 位。能源综合运输体系发展较快， 运输能力显着增强，建设了西煤东 运铁路专线及港口码头，形成了北 油南运管网，建成了四气东输大干 线，实现了西电东送和区域电网互 联。-The en

26、ergy supply capability has been remarkably enhanced. Thanks to the efforts made over the past few decades, China has built an energy supply framework with coal as the main energy resource and electricityas thefocus, featuring an overall development of oil, gas and renewable resources. A fairly compl

27、ete energy supply system is now by and large in place. China has built a group of extra-large coalmines each with an annual output of over ten million tons. In 2006, the output of primary energy equaled 2.21 billion tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. Of this, raw coal accounted for

28、2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim and other large oilfieldshave been successivelybuilt as oilproductionbases,and the output of crude oil hasincreasedsteadily,ranking China theworld'sfifth-largest oil producer in 2006, with 185 million tons in that year

29、. The output of natural gas ballooned from 14.3 billion cu m in 1980 to 58.6 billion cu m in2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the structure of primary energy keeps rising. The electricitysector also reported speedy growth in 2006.The installed capacity reached 622 million kw, an

30、d the amount of power generated was 2,870 billion kwh, both ranking second in the world. A comprehensive energy transportation system has been developed quickly, with the transport capacity notably improved. Special railways transporting coal from the west to the east and relevant coal ports, and pi

31、pelines transporting oil from the north to the south and conveying natural gasfrom the west to the east have all been built. Now, the power generated in the west can be carried to the east, and the regional power grids have all been connected up.能源节约效果显着。1980-Energy-saving effects are conspicuous. D

32、uring the 2006年，中国能源消费以年均 5.6%的增长 支撑了 国民经 济年均 9.8%的增长。按2005年不变价格， 力兀国内生产总值能源消耗由1980年的3.39吨标准煤卜降到 2006年 的1.21吨标准煤，年均节能率3.9%, 扭转了近年来单位国内生产总值能 源消耗上升的势头。能源加工、转 换、贮运和终端利用综合效率为 33% 比1980年提高了 8个百分点。 单位产品能耗明显下降，其中钢、 水泥、大型合成氨等产品的综合能 耗及供电煤耗与国际先进水平的差 距不断缩小。period 1980-2006, China's energy consumption incre

33、ased by 5.6 percent annually, boosting the 9.8-percent annual growth of the national economy. Calculated at 2005 constant prices, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped from 3.39 tons of standard coal in 1980 to 1.21 tons in 2006, making the annual energy-saving rate 3.9 percent

34、, putting an end to the rising trend of per-unit GDP energy consumption. The comprehensiveutilizationefficiencyin theprocessing, conversion, storage and end-use of energy was 33 percent in 2006, up eight percentage points over 1980. Per-unit product energy consumption has dropped noticeably, and the

35、 gaps between the overall energy consumption, the net energy consumption rate of electricitygeneration for steel and cement productionas well as synthetic ammonia produced by plants with an annual output of 300,000 tons or more and the international levels are narrowing.消费结构有所优化。中国 能源消费已经位居世界第二。2006

36、年，一次能源消费总量为 24.6亿吨 标准煤。中国高度重视优化能源消 费结构，煤炭在一次能源消费中的 比重由1980年的72.2%下降到2006 年的69.4%,其他能源比重由 27.8% 上升到30.6%。其中可再生能源和核 电比重由4.0%提高到7.2%,石油和 天然气刈所增长。终端能源消费结 构优化趋势明显，煤炭能源转化为 电能的比重由20.7%提高II 49.6%, 商品能源和清洁能源在居民生活用 能中的比重明显提高。- The consumption structurehas been optimized.Chinais the world's second-largeste

37、nergy consumer. In 2006,its total consumption of primary energy was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China pays great attention to improving its energy consumption structure.Theproportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2 percent in 1980 to 69.4 percent in 2006, and that o

38、f other forms of energy rose from 27.8 percent to 30.6 percent, with that of renewable energy and nuclear power rising from 4.0 percent to 7.2 percent. The shares of oil and gas have increased. The end-use energy consumption structure is noticeably optimized, and the proportion of coal converted int

39、o power increased from 20.7 percent to 49.6 percent. More commercial energy and clean energy are being used in people's daily life.科技水平迅速提局。中国 能源科技取得显着成就，以“陆相 成油理论与应用”为标志的基础研 究成果，极大地促进了石油地质科 技理论的发展。石油天然气工业已 经形成了比较完整的勘探开发技术 体系，特别是复杂区块勘探开发、 提高油田采收率等技术在国际上处 于领先地位。煤炭工业建成一批具 有国际先进水平的大型矿井，重点 煤矿采煤综合机械化

40、程度显着提 局。在电力工业方圆，先进发电技 术和大容量高参数机组得到普遍应 用，水电站设计、工程技术和设备 制造等技术达到世界先进水平，核 电初步具备白力千瓦级压水堆自主- The scientificand technological level has beenrapidly enhanced. China has scored conspicuous scientific and technological achievements relating to energy. The fundamental research findings, represented by the &quo

41、t;continental hydrocarbon generation theory and its application," have greatly promoted the development of the scientifictheory of oil geology. A fairlycomplete system of explorationand developmenttechnologies has taken shape in the oil and gas industry, with prospecting and development techniq

42、ues in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Large coalmines of the world's advanced level have been built, and the totally mechanized mining of key coalmines has been noticeably improved. In the power industry, advanced generating technology and

43、 units with large capacity and设计和工程建设能力，局温气冷堆、 快中子增殖堆技术研发取得重大突 破。烟气脱硫等污染治理、可再生 能源开发利用技术迅速提高。正负 500千伏直流和750千伏交流输电示 范工程相继建成投运，正负800千伏直流、1000千伏交流特高压输电 试验水池，程开始启动。high parameters are widely used, and the designing, engineering and equipment manufacturing of hydraulic power plants have reached the world&

44、#39;s advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build million-kw pressurized water reactors, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the development of high-temperaturegas-cooledreactorsandfast-neutron-breederreactors. The technologies todeal with pollution such as flue gas des

45、ulphurization(FGD) and renewable energy development and utilizationare quickly being improved. Models of a 500kv DC and 750 kv AC electricitytransmission projects have beencompleted and put into operation, and pilota 800 kv DCand 1,000 kv AC extra-high-voltageelectricitytransmission projects are und

46、er way.环境保护取得进展。中国 政府高度重视环境保护，加强环境 保护已经成为基本国策，社会各界 的环保意识普遍提高。1992年联合 国环境与发展大会后，中国组织制 定了中国21世纪议程，并综合 运用法律、经济等手段全面加强环 境保护，取得了积极进展。中国的 能源政策也把减少和有效治理能源 开发利用过程中引起的环境破坏、 环境污染作为其主要内容。2006年， 燃煤机组除尘设施安装率和废水排 放达标率达到近 100%烟尘排放总 量与1980年基本相当，单位电量烟 尘排放减少了 90% 2006年，全国 建成并投入运行的脱硫火电机组装 机容量达1.04亿千瓦，超过前 10 年的总和，装备脱硫设

47、施的火电机 组占火电总装机的比例由 2000年的 2姆高到30%- Progress has been made in environmental protection. The Chinese government sets great store by environmental protection, and has madeit a fundamental state policy to strengthen environmental protection.Public awareness of environmental protection has been raised. Af

48、ter the 1992 UNConference on the Environment and Development, China worked out its "21st Century Agenda," and has reinforced environmental protection in an all-round way through legislativeand economicmeans, making positive progress in this regard. China's energy policies give priority

49、 to the reduction and rehabilitation of environmental damage and pollution resulting from energy development and utilization. In 2006, coal-fueled generating units reported a nearly 100-percent installationrate of dust-cleaningfacilitiesand a nearly 100-percent discharge of wastewater up to relevant

50、 standards. The amount of smoke and dust discharged in 2006 was almost the same as that in 1980, and the dust emission per-unit electricity had decreased by 90 percent. The installation capacity of thermal power units with FGD built and put into operation in 2006 totaled 104 million kw, exceeding th

51、e combined total of the previous 10 years. Such thermal power units accounted for only 2 percent of all thermal power units in 2000, but the proportion had risen to 30 percent by 2006.市场环境逐步完善。中国 能源市场环境逐步完善，能源工业 改革稳步推进。能源企业重组取得 突破，现代企业制度基本建立。投 资主体实现多元化，能源投资快速 增长，市场规模不断扩大。煤炭工 业生产和流通基本实现了市场化。 电力工业实现了政

52、企分开、厂网分 开，建立了监管机构。石油天然气- The environment of energy market is gradually improved. The environment of China's energy market is gradually improved, and the reform in the energy industry is proceeding steadily. Breakthroughs have been made in restructuring energy enterprises, and a modern enterprise

53、 system has by and large taken shape. The investors are diversified, energy investment is growing rapidly, and the market is expanding. Market competition has been introduced into the production and工业基本实现了上下游、内外贸一 体化。能源价格改革不断深化，价 格机制不断完善。distributionof coal. In the power industry, governmentadminist

54、rative functions and enterprises' management have been separated, so has power production from power transmission, and supervisory organizations have alsobeen established. In the oil and gas industry, the upstream and downstream sectors have been integrated, so have the domestic and internationa

55、l trades. Energy pricing reform has been constantly deepened, and the pricing mechanism has been improved continuously.随着中国经济的较快发展和工 业化、城镇化进程的加快，能源需 求不断增长，构建稳定、经济、清 洁、安全的能源供应体系面临着重 大挑战，突出表现在以下几方面：Along with China's rapid economic development and the acceleration of industrializationand urbanizat

56、ion,the demand for energy keeps increasing,and theconstruction of a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces the following challenges:资源约束突出，能源效率 偏低。中国优质能源资源相对不足， 制约了供应能力的提高；能源资源 分布不均，也增加了持续稳定供应 的难度；经济增长方式粗放、能源 结构不合理、能源技术装备水平低 和管理水平相对落后，导致单位国 内生产总值能耗和主要耗能产品能 耗高于主要能源消费国家平均水 平，进一步

57、加剧了能源供需矛盾。 单纯依靠增加能源供应，难以满足 持续增长的消费需求。- Prominent resources restraintand low energyefficiency.China's relative dearth of high-qualityenergy resources hinders its supply capability; its imbalanced distributionmakes it difficult to secure acontinued and steady supply; and the extensive pattern of e

58、conomic growth, irrationalenergy structure,unsatisfactory energy technology and relatively poor management have resulted in higher energy consumption per-unit GDP and for the major energy-consuming productsthan the average levelof majorenergy-consuming countries, thus further intensifying the energy

59、 supply-demand contradiction. Consequently, an increase solely in supply is hard to meet the rising demand for energy.能源消费以煤为主，环境 压力加大。煤炭是中国的主要能源， 以煤为主的能源结构在未来相当长 时期内难以改变。相对落后的煤炭 生产方式和消费方式，加大环境 保护的压力。煤炭消费是造成煤烟 型大气污染的主要原因，也是温室 气体排放的主要来源。随着中国机 动车保有量的迅速增加，部分城市 大气污染已经变成煤烟与机动车尾 气混合型。这种状况持续下去，将 给生态环境带来更大的压力。-Increasing environmental pressure caused by the co