食品专业英语lesson

1、Lesson 11 Nutritionmacro- 大macronutrient(常量营养元素） macroelement（常量元素）micro- 微micronutrient（微量营养元素）microelement （微量元素）mal- 坏，恶malnutrition （营养不良） malodor（恶臭）pan(t)- ，panta-, panto-全，全部；原的，总的pantothenic acid （泛酸）Pan-American Airlines （泛美航空公司）puridine 吡啶pyridoxine 维生素B6，吡哆素bio- 生物的biotin 维生素H， 生物素Life is

2、 nourished by food, and the substances in food on which life depends are the nutrients. 生命是由食品滋养的，食品中生命需要的物质称为营养元素。These provide the energy and building materials for the countless substances that are essential to the growth and survival of living things. 这些营养元素是为大量生物生长和生存所必须物质的生成提供能量和组成原料。The manne

3、r in which nutrients become integral parts of the body and contribute to its function is dependent on the physiologic and biochemical processes that govern their actions. 营养元素成为机体的一部分及其帮助机体发挥正常功能的方式，主要依赖于支配其行为的生理和生化过程。Food and Nutrition食物和营养 The word nutrition is often paired with the word food beca

4、use the two go together. They are interdependent, but not interchangeable.营养这个词经常和食品这个词同时出现，二者密不可分。他们相互依赖，但不能互换。As constituents of the food we eat they not only provide energy but also provide a basis for the taste, color, texture, keeping qualities, and overall acceptability of that food. 作为食品的组分，营

5、养不仅提供能量，同时也为食品的味道、色泽、组织结构、质量及其整体可接受性提供基础。It should never be forgotten that we eat food, not nutrients, and therefore should consider the total role of nutritional compounds in food. The ingredients that give us nourishment are called nutrients. 但永远不要忘了我们吃的是食物，而不是营养元素，因此，我们应考虑食品中营养物质的总体作用。为我们提供营养的成分称

6、为营养元素。 They are called essential nutrients because we cannot get along without them. We need them for energy, for building and maintaining body tissue, and for regulating body processes-the three essential functions of foods in the body. 因为没有他们我们不能生活，因此它们被称为必须营养元素。我们需要他们提供能量，生成和维持机体组织，调节机体发育-这是食物在人体

7、中的三大基本功能。Most of the major nutrients in foods are bound in large molecules that cannot be absorbed from the intestine because of their size or because they are not water-soluble. 食物中大部分主要营养元素是和大分子结合在一起的，由于他们的大小和非水溶解性，因此它们不能被小肠吸收。The digestive system is responsible for the reduction of these large mo

8、lecules into smaller, readily absorbed units and the conversion of the insoluble molecules into soluble forms. 消化系统的任务就是使这些大分子变成较小的，可被吸收的单位，把不溶性的分子转化成可溶的形式。Proper function of the absorptive and transport mechanisms is crucial to delivering the products of digestion to the individual cells. 正常的吸收功能和转

9、运机制对于把消化产物运送到各个细胞是十分关键的。Derangements of any of these systems can result in malnutrition in the presence of an adequate diet. 即使在饮食充足的情况下，这些系统中任何一个系统的异常也都会导致营养失调。Nutrition might be defined as the process whereby we obtain the essential nutrients and use them to make many other substances our bodies n

10、eed. 也许我们可以把营养定义为如何获得这些必须营养元素，并利用它们生成机体需要的其它物质的过程。This process would include eating and digesting food and absorbing and using, or metabolizing, the nutrients it contains. 这个过程包括摄入和消化食物以及吸收、利用或者说代谢食物所含营养素。The NutrientsWe need some 50 chemical nutrients to maintain health: water, carbohydrate, fat, p

11、rotein, 13 vitamins, 17 minerals, several fibers and some trace amounts of other components. 为了维持身体健康，我们需要50种左右的化学营养元素：水，碳水化合物，脂肪，蛋白质，13种维生素，17种矿物质，好几种纤维素以及微量的其他成分。The macronutrients（carbohydrate, fat, protein, water）are those nutrients we must consume in large amounts to provide energy for our bodi

12、es. 常量营养元素（如碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质和水）是那些我们必须大量消费以为我们的机体提供能量的营养元素。 Each of these nutrients contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while protein also contains nitrogen and it is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen that determines the number of calories they provide. 每种这些营养素中都含有碳，氢，氧，蛋白质还含有氮元素。其中碳氢氧的比例决定了它

13、们提供的热量的多少。The micronutrients（mineral elements and vitamins）are what we need in relatively small amounts. 微量营养元素（矿物质和维生素）是我们需要量较小的物质。All of the nutrients except for mineral elements and water are classified as organic chemicals because they contain the element carbon. 除了矿物质和水外，所有的营养元素都属于有机化合物，因为他们都含有

14、碳元素。The vitamins are divided into two general categories based on their solubility in either water or fat.根据它们在水中或脂肪中的溶解性，维生素通常被分为两类。The fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K; the water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C（ascorbic acid）, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, folacin (folic acid）, pa

15、ntothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12 and biotin.脂溶性维生素有维生素A、D、E和K；水溶性维生素包括维生素C（抗坏血酸）、烟酸、硫胺素、核黄素、叶酸、泛酸、VB6、VB12和VH。The mineral elements are divided into two categories based on the quantity of them that we need, macroelements are those needed in relatively large amounts, while microelements are th

16、ose needed in very small amounts. 根据人体的需要量，矿物质元素可以分为两类，常量元素是那些需要量相对较大的元素，而微量元素是那些需要量很小的元素。 Some examples of macroelements are sodium，potassium，calcium，and phosphorus. Some examples of microelements are iron，iodine，manganese，zinc，and fluorine. 常量元素的例子如钠，钾，钙和磷，微量元素如铁，碘，镁，锌和氟。Recommended Dietary Allowa

17、nces-RDA推荐膳食标准 The next obvious question is “how much of the nutrients do we needs?” Is more always better or is there an optimum intake below which deficiency might result and above which toxicity could be caused？另一个很明显的问题是：我们到底需要多少营养素？是越多越好，还是有一个最适摄入量，在低于这个量时会导致缺乏，多于这个量会产生毒性？Indeed, there is an op

18、timum amount. Deficiencies do occur and death can result from too much of some of the nutrients. 事实上，是有一个最适需要量。低于这个量会导致缺乏，某些元素摄入过多会导致死亡。However, how can we determine the exact requirement for nutrients for each individual since we are all different？然而，由于每一个人都是不同的，我们怎样确定每个人对营养素的最佳需要量呢？The answer is t

19、hat the exact requirement cannot be calculated; we would have to study each individual on the earth in a hospital setting to find such requirements. 答案是不可能计算出这个最佳需要量。如果那样，我们将不得不在医院里研究地球上每一个个体以找出这个需要量。Therefore we must study whole populations and recommend standards that fit the entire population whi

20、le remembering that individual needs within that population will vary. 因此，我们必须研究整个人群以及适用于整个人群的推荐标准，尽管这个人群内每一个个体会有差异。 Therefore, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Science was asked to set Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for populations of me

21、n, women and, pregnant and lactating women, and children of various ages. 因此，（有关部门）要求美国科学院全国研究理事会食品和营养委员会设定一个针对不同年龄的男人，女人，孕妇、泌乳期妇女和儿童人群的推荐膳食标准。These recommendations are not individual requirements but are “recommendations for the average daily amounts of nutrients population groups should consume ov

22、er a period of time”.这些推荐值不是个体的需要量，而是一段时间内特定人群日平均需要量推荐值。As such, they designed to provide assistance in large-scale foodservice operations so that the nutrients in the food offered each day could be compared to the RDA. 确切地说，他们通过设计大批量的食品供应操作以提供帮助，以使得每天食品中提供的营养可以比作是推荐膳食标准。Because people differ in siz

23、e and genetic makeup, their nutrient requirements vary; requirements of individuals for essential nutrients range from about 50% below to 50% above the population average. 由于人的高低胖瘦和基因组成不同，他们对营养的要求也不同，个体对必须营养素的需求在平均人群的50%左右。The RDA, therefore, were set high enough to ensure that, if the qualities of nutrients in the food being served met this standard, they would meet the needs of individuals with the highest requirements. 因此，推荐膳食标准值设定得足够高，以使如果提供的食物中营养量满足这个标准，它们能够满足那些对营养需求量高的个体的需要