图形用户介面历史

1、图形用户界面历史 |图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史History of the graphical user interfaceThe graphical user interface, or "GUI", is a computer interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. The user of the computer utilizes a pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and contr

2、ols. This was a great leap forward from the command line interface used in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer. Initial DevelopmentsThe first concept of a windowing system begins with the first real-time graphic display systems for computers, na

3、mely the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherlands Sketchpad. Augmentation of Human IntellectDoug Engelbarts Augmentation of Human Intellect project at SRI in the 1960s developed the On-Line System, which incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows. Xerox PARCEngelbarts work directly led to the

4、advances at XeroxPARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. The Xerox PARC team codified the WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers/pull-down menus) paradigm, first pioneered on the Xerox Alto experimental computer, but which eventually appeared commercially in the Xerox

5、8010 (Star) system in 1981. Apple Lisa and MacintoshBeginning in 1979, led by Jef Raskin, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first commercially successful pro

6、duct to use a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper; directories looked like ; there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders b

7、y dragging them to a trash can on the screen. There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xeroxs PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of Apples Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive. The Macintoshs GUI has been revi

8、sed with time since 1984, with a major update with System 7, and underwent its largest revision with the introduction of the "Aqua" interface in 2001s Mac OS X. VisiOnGraphical user interface primarily designed for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendary VisiCalc spreadsheet.

9、First introduced the "windows" concept and a mouse to the PC environment, in 1983. Preceded the first Microsoft Windows implementations. VisiOn never took off because it could not be used to run other MS-DOS applications and was buggy and expensive. Inspired the multitasking system DESQvie

10、w. Amiga IntuitionAmiga computers developed a GUI in 1985 called Intuition. In this GUI directories were shown as filing cabinet drawers. The Amiga GUI was unique for its time because it featured a pop-up command line interface (CLI) for those times when a GUI does not offer enough control. GEMAt th

11、e same time Microsoft was developing Windows in the 1980s, Digital Research developed the GEM Desktop GUI system. GEM was created as an alternative window system to run on IBM PC systems, either on top of MS-DOS (like Microsoft Windows) or on top of CPM-86, DRs own operating system that MS-DOS was p

12、atterened after. GEM achieved minimal success in the PC world, but was later used as the native GUI on the Atari ST machines. GEOSGEOS was another very early graphical desktop system. Originally written for the 8 bit home computer Commodore 64 it was later ported to IBM PC systems. It came with seve

13、ral application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Onlines DOS client. Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI, it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware. Revivals were seen in the HP OmniGo handhelds, Brother GeoBook line of

14、laptop-appliances, and the New Deal Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier Zoomer PDAs, creating an unclear lineage to Palm, Incs later work. Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft modeled the first version of Windows, released in 1985, on the GUI of the Mac OS. Windows 1.0 was a GUI (gra

15、phic user interface) for the MS-DOS operating system that had been the standard OS for with IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981. Windows 2.0 followed, then in 1990 the Windows 3.0 launch was when the popularity of Windows really exploded. The GUIs of subsequent versions of Windows have been s

16、imilar to the GUI of Windows 3.0. In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of the Lisa and Apple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apples claims were denied. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied, and Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a fin

17、al, private settlement of the matter in 1997 as a side note in a broader announcement of investment and cooperation. RISC OSEarly versions of what became called RISC OS were known as Arthur, which was released in 1987. RISC OS was a colour GUI operating system which used three-buttoned mice, a taskb

18、ar (called the iconbar), and a similar to that of Mac OS. Acorn created RISC OS in the 1980s for their ARM-CPU based computers. NeXTSTEPThe NeXTSTEP user interface was used in the NeXT line of computers. NeXTSTEPs first major version was released in 1989. It used Display PostScript for its graphical

19、 underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interfaces most significant feature was the Dock, carried into Mac OS X, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEPs GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interf

20、ace, on a comparatively weak machine by todays standards. /H3> Originally collaboratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS, version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Version 1.1 (released 1988) included Presentation Manager (PM), which looked a lot like the later Windows 3.0

21、UI. After the split with Microsoft, IBM developed the Workplace Shell (WPS) for version 2.0 (released in 1992), a quite radical, object-oriented approach to GUIs. Microsoft later imitated much of this in Windows 95. BeOSX Window SystemThe PostScript-based NeWS (Network extensible Window System) was

22、developed by Sun Microsystems. For several years SunOS included a window system combining NeWS and the X Window System. Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always proprietary software. The X Window SystemThe st

23、andard windowing system in the Unix world, developed in the early 1980s, is the X Window System, or X. X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations, without regard to the workstations

24、operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all systems, including UNIX, the

25、 BSD operating systems and the GNU/Linux distributions. X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote workstation is call

26、ed the client application. Xs network transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and served up to any of a large number of remote users. In the early days of X Window development Sun Microsystems and AT&T a

27、ttempted to push for a GUI standard called OpenLook in competition with Motif. OpenLook was a well-designed standard developed from scratch while MOTIF was a collective effort that fell into place. Many who worked on OpenLook at the time appreciate its design coherence. Motif prevailed the religious

28、 war and became the bases for CDE (Common Desktop Environment). Both X and Open Motif are available today as free software. In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the free software community. New graphical desktop movements grew up around GNU/Linux and si

29、milar operating systems, based on the X. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, KDE and GNOME. See also: · Apple v. Microsoft· Bill Atkinson· Doug Engelbarts On-Line System· Graphical user interface·

30、; History of computing· History of Microsoft Windows· Ivan Sutherlands Sketchpad· Jef RaskinExternal links: · VisiOn history - The first GUI for the PC以下来自：1973April 1973, the first operational Alto computer is completed at Xerox PARC. The Alto is the first system to pull togethe

31、r all of the elements of the modern Graphical User Interface.  Features: 3-button mouse. Bit-mapped display. The use of graphical windows. Ethernet network.  19801980: Three Rivers Computer Corporation introduces the the Perq graphical workstation.19811981 June: Xerox introduces the Star,

32、the commercial successor to the Alto. Notable features: Double-clickable icons, overlapping windows, dialog boxes and a 1024*768 monochrome display.  19831983 January: Apple introduces the Lisa. Notable features:  Pull down menus and menu bars.  Visi Corp releases Visi On, the first i

33、ntegrated graphical software environment for IBM PCs.Microsoft announces their new "Windows" program for the IBM PC but does not release it until 1985. Notable features: Is supposed to have overlapping / resizable windows.  1984January 1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh.September: D

34、igital Research announces its GEM icon/desktop user interface for 8086- and DOS-based computers. It also was later ported to the Atari ST.June: "window system X"  announced at MIT. Versions 1-6 were monochrome only, and ran on DEC VS100s displays connected to VAXen and VAXstations 1 a

35、nd 2.  Versions 8-10 dealt with color, for the VAXstation II/GPX. X10 is the first version that saw widespread availability and use on many vendors systems. Version 11 was redesign for higher performance, more window management styles, extensibility and better graphics capability19851985: Geos

36、released for Commodore 64 and later the Apple II. July:  Commodore introduces the Amiga 1000 with the Amiga Workbench Version 1.0.August: Microsoft finally releases the first version of Windows. Features: Windows can not be overlapped, but are instead "tiled". Windows are not all

37、owed to cover an area at the bottom of the screen that is reserved for "iconized" programs.  19861986: Apple threatens to sue Digital Research because the GEM desktop looked too much like Apples Macintosh. Digital Research cripples the desktop application so Apple will not sue. The ne

38、w GEM desktop now has just two unmovable, non-resizable windows for .  1987March 1987 - Apple introduces the Apple Macintosh II, the first color Macintosh.  Features: 640*480*256 color with 24 bit color card available.  Microsoft releases the second version of Windows, version 2.03.&#

39、160; Features: Finally has resizable / overlapping windows and new windowing controls.  Acorn releases "Arthur" for the Acorn computer, it is the basis for RISC OS. RISC OS 2 and 3 have a similar look, but an improved feel. 1988September 1988: Apple releases GS/OS, a 16-bit opera

40、ting system with a Macintosh-like GUI for the Apple IIGS.October:  IBM releases OS/2 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) which added a graphical user interface called Presentation Manager. (OS/2 1.0  was text mode only!) The 1.10 GUI was written by Microsoft and looked like Windows 2. October:

41、 The NeXT Computer is released for $6500. It includes a 25 MHz 30 processor, 8 MB RAM, 250 MB optical disk drive, math coprocessor, digital processor for real time sound, fax modem, and a 17" monitor.19901990: Commodore releases Amiga Workbench 2 for the A3000. Features: New 3d effects, a revis

42、ed menu system and many other improvements.  May 1990: Windows 3.0 released by Microsoft Features: Program Manager shell.  November: PC-GEOS released by GeoWorks.1992Spring of 1992: IBM releases OS/2 Version 2.0, a true 32-bit OS. Features a new "Workplace Shell", an object orien

43、ted user interface that is heavily integrated with the rest of the OS.   March: Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1. The user interface is basically the same as Windows 3.0 but now includes their "multimedia" enhancements. September: Amiga Workbench 3 released for AGA Amigas. F

44、eatures: Images for backgrounds, color pallet remapping.      1993May 1993 Microsoft releases the first version of Windows NT, their 32-bit OS. They give it the version number "3.1" and use the same user interface they do for regular Windows 3.1. Made available for Intel, Po

45、wer PC, Alpha, and MIPS systems.19941994: QNX Software Systems releases the first embeddable microkernel windowing system, the Photon microGUI.19951995: Microsoft introduces Windows 95 on August 24th. October: Be introduced BeOS at Agenda 96. The first version was designed to run on a custom mu

46、ltiprocessor system known as the "BeBox".  Later made 19961996: New Deal releases New Deal Office 2.5, which was formerly PC-GEOS. IBM Releases OS/2 Warp 4 with a significant facelift for the Workplace Shell.Microsoft releases Windows NT 4.0 with the same user interface as Windows 95.1997July 1997: Mac OS 8 is finally released. Selling 1.25