托福阅读机经背景： Industrial Revolution

1、智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读机经背景： Industrial Revolution PARAGRAPH 1 For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth

2、 century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an ener

3、gy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery

4、. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine. 1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"? A To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century B To explain why coal rather th

5、an other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain C To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel D To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century 解析： 修辞目的题一般向前面找主旨的句

6、子，在我们这句考试题目当中，本句是煤，后面说但是没means ;前面一句主语是木头燃料快没了，与燃料煤并行句子;再往前一句刚好有一个功能词：转折-我们知道，功能词之后最容易引导的就是主旨句-则主旨句关键是experiencing an energy shortage，经历了燃料短缺;经历燃料短缺，不缺煤，缺的是方法：显示出C,能量短缺不是缺燃料，隐含原文含义：缺的是挖出煤的方法。 A 因为前面是转折功能词引起的小主旨，在A前面没有转折词的情况下，这不可能被反对 B coal became the primary未提及，原文也没提及other energy resources C继续支持小主旨，

7、正确 D mining became an important未提及 7. 易错选B 7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole? A It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production. B It explains how the production of mechanic

8、al energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain. C It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution. D It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy

9、in the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Play a role这个词在历年真题中出现过四次;统一的翻译不能翻译成扮演角色，而是起什么作用。这里也问的是起什么作用。 解析：缩读段首句说的是发明机器;根据刚做完的题目，上段的结尾部分是：煤没有办法充分利用，因为没方法;下面接着说机器，必然是解决方法;因为问的是段落在全文中的地位问题，那要增加看问题段的下一段的主旨：第三段主旨是因此产生的其他生产力;也就是说，第二段想说，蒸汽机的发展举足轻重。据这个思想，找答案，只有D是符合的，说它举足轻重的地位assigned great importance to th

10、e issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution。因此，修辞目的题目一定要有一种对题目的预见性，这预见性基于对考试段落的含义提炼和前后关系，根据结构，我们自己心里就有一种基本答案的样子了，再去找答案，就好做了。希望同学们训练好自己看原题之后对答案的预见性，而不是很辛苦的将答案的ABCD的句子仔仔细细看个遍，这样不但没有针对性，还浪费很多做题时间。试想每个题目都去按照答案挨个看，不但扰乱你的思维，更浪费时间，即使题目做出来了，也不放心。正确答案D. PARAGRAPH 4 Steam power and iron combine

11、d to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operation

12、s to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the natio

13、n could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternativ

14、e investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an

15、 expanding working class. 11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation? A Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers. B It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping. C It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive. D It resulted in higher wages for factory workers. 定位难，选项排除查读：A后句城市人口失业率即使是可能推出的，但前后句无因果关系B ocean shipping未提及 C 长距离以前达不到，说明即使达到了