词汇学Chapter5归纳整理

1、The Main Process of English Word-formation The main process of English word-formation is chiefly based on A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language by Randolph Quirk et al. Published in 1985. Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation.Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatica

2、l or lexical information is added to the base.Affixation has played an active part in the course of the development of the English language. PrefixationAffixation Suffixationl Prefixation What is prefixation? Prefixation is a main type of word-formation putting a prefix in front of the base,sometime

3、s with,but more usually without a change of word class.A.Negative prefixes:a- or an-The prefix a- or an-means “lacking in “or “lack of” amoralnonmoral;not concerned with moralsdis- The prefix dis- means “not”,or “the converse of ” dishonest(ly)not honest(ly)in-The prefix in- means “not”,or “the conv

4、erse of ” incompletenot completenon-The prefix non- means “not” non-blackwhite studentsun-The prefix un- means “not” or “the converse of ” unfriendlynot friendly,hostileB.Reversative or privative prefixes:de-a. The prefix de- means “reversing the action” deforestto become unfrozen:to remove ice form

5、b. The prefix de- means “depriving of ” decapitateto cut off the head ofdis-a.The prefix dis- means “reversing the action” disownto refuse to accept as ones ownb.The prefix dis- means “lacking” discoloredbecoming changed in colorun-a.The prefix un- means “reversing the action” unzipto open by undoin

6、g a zipb.Thr prefix un- means “depriving of” unhorseto dislodge from a horseC.Pejorative prefixes:mal-The prefix mal- means “badly” or “bad” maldepolyto deploy faultilymis-The prefix mis- means “wrongly” or “astray” misdialto dial a wrong number pseudo-The prefix pseudo- means “false” or “imitation”

7、 pseudosciencepretended scienceD.Prefixes of degree or size:arch-The prefix arch- means “supreme” or “most” archenemychief enemyco-The prefix co- means “joint” ,“jointly” or “on equal footing” coexistencethe state of existing togetherhyper-The prefix hyper- means “extreme” hyperslowtoo slowmini-The

8、prefix mini- means “little” and is currently used with the two meaning given below:a. Of very small size,duration.importance;miniature or minor minibikea small motocycleb. Reaching well above the knee;very short minicoata very short coatout-The prefix out- means “surpassing” outliveto live longer th

9、anover-The prefix over- means “excessive” overeatto eat to excesssub-The prefix sub- means “below” subnormalbelow normalsuper-a. The prefix super- means “more than” or “very special” supersecretextremely secretb.The prefix super- means “on top ” or “hiterachially superior” superfreezeto freeze to a

10、very low temperaturesur-The prefix sur- means “over and above” surtaxan additional tax on high incomesultra-The prefix ultra- means “extreme” or “beyond” ultrasecrethighly secretunder-The prefix under- means “too little” underrespresentesinadequately representedE.Prefixes of orientation and attitude

11、anti-The prefix anti- means “against” antibacterialdirected or effective against bacteriacontra-The prefix contra- means “opposite” or “contrasting” contradistinctionthe distiction by contrastcounter-The prefix counter- means “against” or “in oppositing to” counterclaiman opposing claim,especially i

12、n lawpro-a. The prefix pro- means “for” or “on the side of” pro-studentfavoring or siding with studentsb.The prefix pro- means “on behalf of” or “deputizing for” pro-consuldeputy consulF.Locative prefixes:fore-The prefix fore- means “front part of “ or “front” forenamea name that precedes ones surna

13、meinter-The prefix inter- means “between” or “among” interviewto ask questions of (somebody) in an interviewsub-The prefix sub- means “under” subhumanof less than human qualitiessuper-The prefix super- means “above” superstructurean important arrangement system,etc.,which has grown from a certain ba

14、se.trans-The prefix trans- means “across” transoceanicbeyond or crossing an oceanG.Prefixes of time and order:ex-The prefix ex- means “former” ex-husbanformer husbandfore-The prefix fore- means “before” forewarnto warn in advancepost-The prefix post- means “after” post-electionrelating to a period a

15、fter electionpre-The prefix pre- means “before” prefightprior to a fightre-The prefix re- means “again” or “back” redesignto design againH.Number prefixes:bi-,di-The prefixes bi- and di- mean “two” bipeda two-footed creature dimerousconsisting of two parts multi-,poly-The prefixes multi- and poly- m

16、ean “many” multi-lateralhaving many sides polysyllabichaving more than three syllablessemi-,demi-,hemi-The prefixes semi-,demi-,and hemi- mean “half” semicirclehalf a circle demitassea small cup of black coffe hemidemisemiquaversixty-fourth notetri-The prefix tri- means “three” triaxialhaving three

17、axesuni-,mono-The prefixes uni- and mono- mean”one” uniquebeing the only one monoraila railway with a single trailI.Miscellaneous neo-classical prefixes:auto-The prefixe auto- means “self”autocrata ruler with unlimited powerextra-The prefix extra- means “exceptionally” extrasolarfound or existing ou

18、tside the solar systemneo-The prefix neo- means “new” or “revived” neo-classismnew classismpaleo-The prefix paleo- means “old” or “ancient” paleomagneticof or relating to palemagnetismpan-The prefix pan- means “all” or “world-wide” Pan-Africanisma movement for the political union of all the African

19、nationsproto-The prefix proto- means “first” or “original” protomartyrthe first martyr in a cause or regiontele-The prefix tele- means “distant” telesta television receiving setvice-The prefix vice- means “deputy” vice-chairmanan officer next in rank to a chairmanJ.Conversion prefixes:a-The prefix a

20、- combines chiefly with verbs to form predicative adjectives. asleepsleepingbe-a. It means “wearing” or “surrounded by” beforggedsurrounded by fogb.It intensifies the force of verbs bestirto stir up;to rouse to actionc.It combines with nouns to become transitive verbs bedevilto trouble greatly;to co

21、nfuseen-,em-The prefixes en- and em- mean “to put into” or “to provide with” enmainto get into a train embitterto fill with painful or bitter feelings;to make sad and angryl Suffixation What is suffixation? Suffixation is a main type of word-formation,putting a suffix after the base,sometimes withou

22、t,but more usually with a change of word class. The primary function of suffixes is to change the word class of the base,although suffixes have only a samll semantic role.Therefore suffixes may be classified into four categories according to the word class.A.Noun suffixes:1 Denominal nouns:abstract:

23、-ageThe suffix -age means “measure of” or “collection of ” percentagean amount stated as if it is part of a whole which is 100-domThe suffix -dom means “the state of being” officialdomofficials as a class-ery.-ryThe suffix -ery and -ry has three meanings:a. It means “the condition or behavior associ

24、ated with”. devilryaction performed with the help of the devilb.It means “location of”. nunnerya building in which nuns live togetherc.It combines with concrete nouns to form nouncount,collective nouns.gadgetrygadgets generally-fulThe suffix -ful means “the amount contained” tubfulan amount that a t

25、ub holds-hoodThe suffix -hood means “the state or time of being(something) widowhoodthe state of being a widow-ingThere are two meaning of the suffix -inga. It means “material of” Mattingrough material for matsb.It means “activity connected with” blackberryingthe act of planting blackberry-ismThe su

26、ffix -ism means “docterine of “ or “practice of” absenteeismregular absence without good causes，especially from work or duty-ocracyThe suffix -ocracy means “government by” demovracygovernment of the people,by the people and for the people-shipThe suffix -ship means “the state of quality of” membersh

27、ipthe state of being a member of a club,society,etc.2.Denominal nouns:concrete-eerThe suffix -eer means “skilled in” or “engeged in” pamphleteera person who writes panphlets-erThe suffix -er means “having dominan characteristic” or “denizen of” north-westera strong northwest wind-essThe suffix -ess

28、means “a female(of the stated kind)” lionessa female lion-etteThe suffix -ette has trhee meanings.a. It means “compact”. dinettea small space usually off a kitchen used for informal diningb.It means “imitation”. leatherettea cheap material made to look like leatherc.It means “a feminine marker” ushe

29、rettea woman or girl whose job is in a cinema-letThe suffix -let means “small” or “unimportant” pigleta young pig-lingThe suffix -ling means “minor” or “offspring of” ducklinga small young duck3.Deverbal nouns-antThe suffix -ant means “a person or thing” contestantone that participates in a contest-

30、erThe suffix -er means “a person or thing”drivera person who drives-ageThe suffix -age means “action of” or “instance of” shrinkagean act or amount of shrinking-ingThe suffix -ing means“what results fro the action of the base” openinga hole or clear space-mentThe suffix -ment means “the result of” amazementthe quality or state of being amazed 4.De-adjectival nouns:-ityThe suffix -ity means “the