技巧翻译语法分析长难句分析ppt课件

1、技巧翻译语法分析长难句分析语法篇语法篇技巧翻译技巧翻译 常用句型常用句型科技文章中经常运用假设干特定的句型，从而构科技文章中经常运用假设干特定的句型，从而构成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如“It-that-构造句型；被动态构造句型构造句型；构造句型；被动态构造句型构造句型；分词短语构造句型，省略句构造句型等。例如：分词短语构造句型，省略句构造句型等。例如： 1. So it is really this hydronium ion we are concerned with in an acid solution解释：解释：it是方式主语，是方式主语，w

2、e are concerned with in an acid solution是真正的主语。是真正的主语。 2. Regardless of how many atoms the element is composed , each atom has the samenumber of protons in its nucleus. 解释：解释：Regardless of 不论。不论。 3. We use bicarbonates and carbonates for indigestion，as well as sulfites and nitrites to preserve foods

3、 解释：as well as 也，同样。 4. This is because the usual oxidation state of cobalt in its simple salts is 2. 解释：This is because 是由于，缘由是. 5. It is of interest to note that the reaction product may sometimes depend upon the particular oxidizing agent employed 解释：It is of interest to note that. 值得留意的一点是 6. Le

4、ss common than preparation of complexes by the oxidation of the central metal ion is preparation by reduction to complexes of the metal on in a 1owet oxidation state 解释：Less common than 比较不常见的是7It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种方式。8This

5、 steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .人们以为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。 9Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.氧与氢比较，分量大约是它的十六倍。 10All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。 11. Its wide use is based on the fact that a

6、 crystal formed from an impure solution is itself pure “that引导了同位语从句。 “formed from an impure solution为过去分词短语做定语修饰 “a crystal. 译文：广泛运用结晶操作是基于以下现实：由不纯的液体中所获得的晶体本身很纯 12. It is especially necessary that the crystals be of reasonable and uniform size. “It is necessary that句型中从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词常为 “should+v. sho

7、uld可以省略。 译文：尤其重要的是要使晶体大小适当和均匀。语法分析语法分析I.I.非限定动词非限定动词 英语上根据动词在句法上能否遭到主语的限定，英语上根据动词在句法上能否遭到主语的限定，英语动词有可以分为限定动词英语动词有可以分为限定动词(Finite Forms of (Finite Forms of Verbs)Verbs)和非限定动词和非限定动词(Non-Finite Forms of (Non-Finite Forms of Verbs)Verbs)。非限定动词，又叫非谓语动词，在句中。非限定动词，又叫非谓语动词，在句中不能单独充任谓语但可以和情态动词或助动词不能单独充任谓语但可以

8、和情态动词或助动词一同充任谓语，它们不受主语的限定，没有人一同充任谓语，它们不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、描画词和副词的特征，称和数的变化，具有名词、描画词和副词的特征，在句中可以充任主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、在句中可以充任主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。同时非限定动词也保管了动词的部分补足语等。同时非限定动词也保管了动词的部分特征，有时态和语态的变化，也可以有本人的宾特征，有时态和语态的变化，也可以有本人的宾语、表语、状语等，构成非限定动词短语，在逻语、表语、状语等，构成非限定动词短语，在逻辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或接受者，叫非限辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或接受

9、者，叫非限定动词的逻辑主语定动词的逻辑主语(Logical Subjects)(Logical Subjects)。 英语非限定动词有三种根本方式：不定式(Infinitives)、如今分词-ing分词(ing Participles)和过去分词即-ed分词(ed Participles)。科技文章要求行文简练，构造紧凑，为此，往往运用分词短语替代定语从句或状语从句；运用分词独立构造替代状语从句或并列分句；运用不定式短语替代各种从句；介词加动名词短语替代定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。在科技英语中运用非谓语动词构造可以更好、更准确地描画各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和形状的变化

10、。科技文章中非谓语动词的运用非常频繁，如往往运用不定式分词短语替代定语从句或状语从句，这样行文简练，构造紧凑，请留意本教材中非谓语动词的用法。 例如： 1Nearly always the material to be evaporated flows inside the tubes. to be evaporated 不定式短语做定语修饰the material 译文：要进展蒸发的物料几乎总是在车管内流动2. If the energy released from the formation of a new structure exceeds the chemical energy in

11、 the original substances，energy will be given off usually in the form of heat or light or both 解释：released from the formation of a new structure过去分词短语作定语修饰energy. 3. If，however，it is composed of two or more kinds of atoms joined togethern a definite grouping，it is classified as a compound 解释：joined

12、together in a definite grouping为过去分词短语作定语修饰atoms. II. 后置定语后置定语 大量运用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的构大量运用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的构造有以下五种：造有以下五种： 1、介词短语、介词短语The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。 Mass is the quantity of matter which a substance possesses and， depending

13、 on the gravitational force acting on it，has a unit of weight assigned to it解释：是由关系代词解释：是由关系代词which a substance possesses作定语作定语修饰修饰quantity。 2、描画词及描画词短语。 In this factory the only fuel available is coal. 该厂独一可用的燃料是煤。 In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature t

14、o light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光类似的辐射能. 3、副词 The air outside pressed the side in . 外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。 The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就坚持在这一高度. 4、单个分词，但仍坚持较强的动词意义。 The results obtained must be cheeked . 获得的结果必需加以校核 The heat produced is equal to

15、the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。5、定语从句 1 If the new structure，however，needs to absorb more energy that is available from the reactants，we have an endothermic reaction 解释：是由关系代词that is available引导的定语从句，修饰energy. 2The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance b

16、etween them. 分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的间隔。 3. Chemical properties are those properties which can be observed in regard to whether or not a substance reacts with other substances 解释：是由关系代词which can be observed in regard to whether of not a substance reacts引导的定语从句，修饰properties. 4. There are some char

17、acteristic properties by which an acid may be defined解释：by which an acid may be defined作定语从句修饰properties. 5. The systematic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows a set of rules，so that the name of each compound need not be memorized，only the rules. 解释：which is called ch

18、emical nomenclature,作定语从句修饰compounds,. 6 If the vapor generated in the first evaporator is used as the heating fluid for a second evaporator “generated in the first evaporator过去分词做定语修饰 “the vapor. 译文：假设在第一个蒸发器内产生的蒸汽用作第二个蒸发器的加热流体 7. Its wide use is based on the fact that a crystal formed from an impu

19、re solution is itself pure “formed from an impure solution为过去分词短语做后置定语修饰 “a crystal. 译文：广泛运用结晶操作是基于以下现实：由不纯的液体中所获得的晶体本身很纯 8Many industrial operations can be carried out in either of two ways, which may be called batch and continuous operations . 关系词which引导了非限制性定语从句。 9Crystallization from liquid solu

20、tion is important industrially because of the variety of materials that are marked in the crystalline form. “that 引导定语从句，修饰“the variety of materials 译文：从液体中析出晶体在工业上很重要，由于有许多物质多以晶体的方式在市场上销售的。 (10)The rate at which heat flows depends on the amount of temperature difference as well as on the properties

21、 of the material through which it has to flow. 句中两个 “which 都引导了定语从句，介词前置。 译文：热量流动的速率取决于温度差的大小以及要经过热量的物料的性质。长难句分析长难句分析 为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，构造紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。对长难句的处置，首先理顺语法构造；然后根据句子特点采取不同的手段，如分译法、顺序法或变序法等 1. If more material passed in through section A in any unit time interval than passed out through

22、section B, there would be an accumulation of material occurring between the two sections, and this would cause a change of conditions there as time went on. 留意此句构造较为复杂，主从句中用了虚拟语气. “Ifpassed there would be, and this would be cause前一主句中 “occurring between the two sections 为如今分词短语做状语，后一主句中也带了一个 “as 引导的时间状语。 译文：假设在任何单位时间间隔内经过截面A的进料量大于经过截面B的出料量，那么在这两个截面之间就会产生物料的积累量，并且随着时间的推移，将会引起那里条件的改动。 2. The continuous process, although requiring more carefully designed equipment than the batch process, can ordinarily be handl