语文与英语中的句子成分详解

1、语法1在语文中成分： 基本成分 主谓宾+附加成分 定状补主语：是一个句子中所要表达，描述的人或物，是句子叙述的主体。由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。谓语：是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。由动词来担任，一般放在主语的后面。宾语：宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等 来担任。定语：用于描述名词，代词，短语或从句的性质，特征范围等情况的词叫做定语.由名词，形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词 ，短语担任。如果定语是单个 词,定语放在被修饰词的前面。如果是词组，定语放在被修饰词

2、的后面。状语：说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果方式，条件或伴随情况，程度等情况的 词叫状语。状语是置于谓语中心或句子前，以修饰、限定谓语中心或句子的句法成分。在 句法分析中，状语以标示，与其相应的谓语动词、谓语形容词以一一标示。由副词，短语以及从句来担任。补语：补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的 成分。补语多用形容词、数量词、趋向动词、介宾结构来担任，各种关系的词组也常 作补语。补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系，是补充说明动词或形容词性中心语的，可以回答 怎么样”、多少次“、何处、何时”、件么结果”等 问题。补语都放在中心语后头，除了

3、趋向动词、数量词、介宾结构和一部分形 容词可以直接作补语外。句子： 汉语中一个完整的句子，其句子成分的排列顺序如下：（定语）主语+ （状语）谓语（补语）+ （定语）宾语（补语）分析：由这个顺序可以看到，定语是在名词或名词性短语（成分主要是主语和宾 语）前对其进行修饰和限制的成分，状语是在谓语（包括动词和动词性短语及形容词 和形容词性短语）前对其修饰和限制的成分。例：1定语：我的书 美丽的花（以上两个句子中 我”和美丽”是定语。）2状语：狠狠地打 多么地美丽（以上两个句子中 狠狠”和多么”是状语）从 形式上看，定语和中心词之间用 的”字，状语和中心词之间用 地”字，这是标 志 0口诀：主谓宾、定

4、状补，主干枝叶分清楚C 定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。 状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。在英语中成分：主要成分主语和谓语+次要成分 表语宾语定语状语补足语 同位语插入语主语a意义：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事b充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子谓语a意义：说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样b充当词类：动词或动词词组宾语a意义：表示动作行为的对象b充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子表语a意义：与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征b充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子定语a意义：用来修饰名词或代词b充当词类：形，代，数，名，副，介词短语或句子状语

5、a意义：修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的， 方式，结果等。b充当词类：副词，介词短语或句子宾语补足语a意义：逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系b 充当词类：形容词，名词，介词，短语等成分详解：（一）主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构，疑问句 （当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于 谓语，助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，名词化的形容词和主语从句等 表不。例如：1, during the 1990s American country music has become more and m

6、ore popular.2 , we often speak English in class3 , one-third of the students in the class are girls.4 , to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5 , smoking does harm to the health6 , the rich should help the poor.7 , when we are having an English test has not been decided.8 , it is necessary to mas

7、ter a foreign language.(二)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语构成：a简单谓语 b复合谓语a简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：he practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o clock.b复合谓语：(1) 由情态动词加动词原形构成例如：you may keep the book for two weeks.(2) 由助动词加动词原形，现在分词，过去分词构成例如：do you speak English ?They are working

8、in a field .He has caught a bad cold .(3 )由系动词加表语构成例如 ：we are students.注：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（如 be,(三) 表语用以说明主语的性质，特征，状态，与身份，它一般位于系动词become, get , look ,grow ,turn ,seem 等)之后。表语一般由名词，代词，形容词，数词，副词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词 短语及表语从句。例如：1, our teacher of English is an American.2, Js it yours?3, the weather has turned

9、 cold_4, the speech is exciting.5, three times seven is twenty one.6, his hobby is playing football.7, his job is to teach English.8, the meeting is of great important .9, time is up . the class is over.10,the truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。(1) 状态系动词：用来表示主语状态

10、，只有 be 一词。例如： He is a teacher.（1） )持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有Keep remain stay lie stand 例如 ：he always kept silent at meeting.（2） ) 表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，只要有Seem appear look He seems (to be ) very sad.（3） )感官系动词：主要有Feel smell sound taste 例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft.（5） 变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有B

11、ecome grow turn fall get go come run例如 ：the river was beginning to run dry .（6） 终止系动词：表示主语已经终止动作，只要有Prove , turn out , 表示“结果是；证明是 ”之意例如：the rumor proved false .His plan turned out a success.（四）宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1 , they went to see an exhibition yesterday.2 , the heavy rain prevented

12、me from coming to school on time.3 , how many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4 , they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5 , he pretended not to see me.6 , i enjoy listening to popular music.7 , i think （that） he is fit for his office.宾语的种类：a双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）b复合宾语（宾语+宾补）a双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语

13、）例如：Lend me your dictionary ,please.TO : write tell pass give send promise show hand read tellBring throw 等。例如： he sent the novel to William yesterday.FOR : leave buy build choose cook draw find get order postSave 等。例如： she bought a gift for her mother.b复合宾语 （宾语+宾补）例如： they elected him their monitor

14、.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语Ask agree care choose demand dare decide expectFail help hope learn manage offer plan prepare pretendPromise refuse want wish desire 等。例如： he refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语Admit avoid advise consider enjoy excuse escape finishImagine mind practice suggest 等。例如 ：john has admi

15、tted breaking the window.下列动词既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词做宾语，但意义不同如： try remember forget regret mean 等。例如：forget to do 表示“未发生的动作Forget doing 表示“已完成的动作“Don t forget to come here earlier tomorrow .（ 还没来）I forgot returning the book to him.（书已还给他了）（五）宾语补足语宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补 足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：Tell

16、let help teach ask see have order make 等。“宾补”一般可由名词，形容词，副词，不定式，分词，介词短语和从句充 当。例如：1, his father named him dong Ming.2 , They painted their boat white.3 , let the fresh air in._4 , you mustn t force him to lend his money to you.5 , we saw her entering the room.6 , we found everything in the lab in good

17、 order.7 , we will soon make our city what your dty is now.（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句称为定语定语可以由以下等成分表示：1 , GuiLin is a beautiful city .2 , china is a developing country. American is a developed country.3 , there are thirty women teachers in our school.4 , his rapid progress in English made us surprised.5 ,

18、 the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.6 , our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom7 , he is reading an article about how to learn English.8 , farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.（八）状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫做状 语。可由以下形式表示：1, , light trav

19、els most quickly.2, he has lived in the dty for ten years.3, he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.4, he is in the room making a model plane.5, wait a minute.6, once you begin , you must continue.10状语种类如下：1. How about meeting again at six ?（ 时间状语）2. Last night she didn t go to the danc