(精品)初中英语长难句_语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

1、初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法一一从句I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting woul

2、d begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought that I wouldhave to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young maH s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose you are 10st. Can I he

3、lp you? ” I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads. As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his wayso easily. I know th

4、is part of London quite well, “ he said.“But in such a fog it s impossible to see anything, I said.“I am blind, sir. he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual. ”在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合 句。1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。Eg： My uncle gives me a camera.Eg： Jim went

5、to the party last night, but his wifedidn t .Study hard and you willmake progress.3.复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句(从句有相应的连词引导)组成的句子。 从句的本质|： 名词性从句1.主语从句： ,而不是用单词或短语来充当主语eg:(1) What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is cle

6、ar.(4) Whethe门t will do us harm or good is unknown.(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.(2) It is unknown whethe门t will do us harm or good.连词whether (意思是“是否”)连接代词 what, whatever, who, whoever, which 等弓I导， 连接副词 when, where, how, why等引导。2.表语从句：。跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语。eg: (1) That is what I wa

7、nt to say. (what 在从句中充当,不能省略)(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.(who在从句中当 ,不能省略)(4) What I want to know (A旬)is who is in charge of the work (从 句).(5) It looks as if it s going to rain. (looks 是系动词)(1) I stood

8、there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time.第句是 thought 的宾语从句，第句 是explain的宾语从句。(2) I suppose you are 10st.(这是 suppose 的宾语从句，省略了 that).(3) Afterward I told himCDwhere I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.(这是told的宾语从句，充当间接宾

9、语，引导词 where在从句中充当状语)(4) I wondered why he found his way so easily.(wondered的宾从， why在从句中充当状语)另外：宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。Eg： Your composition is quite good except that there are somespelling mistakes.(充当介词except的宾语)What we should take with us(主语从句) depends on where we ll stay.(充当介词on的宾语)在

10、使用宾语从句时，要注意：1)宾语从句的时态当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态。Eg： The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定Eg: I am glad that you passed the exam.3)如果主句中it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时，that不能省略。 Eg: Many students take it for granted that their parents should

11、do everything forthem.(it是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that )形容词性从句限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会 含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting.(1) A student, whose name I don t know, comes to see you.(2) They w川 fly to London, where they plan to stay

12、for a week.(3) Tom didn t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the 01d castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.注1：需要注意的是，当先行词是表示地点的名词时，引导词可以是关系代词that或which, 但有时也用关系副词where。例如：(1) This is the pl

13、ace which / that we visited last year.(2) This is the place where I once worked.具体区别在于：引导词that或which是关系代词，在从句中要充当主语或宾语。在第(1)句中，which / that 在定语从句中相当于 做 的 语；而引导词where是关系副词，在定语从句中只能担当状语，如第(2)句中，where做 的 语,相当于,从句可以理解为：.注2：另外，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，定语从句的引导词同样可以是that或which, 有时也用when,其区别也是如此：that / which在定语从句中充当主语

14、或宾语，而关系副词when则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.虽然这两个句子的先行词都是the days,但是在第一句中，which / that相当于, 在定语从句中做谓语动词 的 语；在第二句中，when相当于,在定语从句中做语：The reason why I was late for the class

15、 was that I missed the bus.Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.1. whom:先行词必须是人，whom&定语从句中只能做宾语。例如:He is the man whom I met yesterday.该句中的whom可以换成who或that ,也可以省略。who和that在定语从句中可以充当 主语和宾语，因此，当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时，who, that和whom可以互换，也可以省略。但是，如果在 引导词前面出现了介词，则只能使用 whom例如：I like my English t

16、eacher, from whom I learn a lot.如果先行词是并列情况，既有人又有物时，只能用 that。例如：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（先行词既有人一teachers 又有物schools ）（1） You are the only person whose advice he might listen to.（先行词是人）（2） Id like a room whose window faces south.（先行词是物）3. which:其先行词只能是物，在定语从句中做

17、主语或宾语，在做宾语时，可以省略。多 数情况下可以与that互换。例如：（1） This is the photo which shows my little pet cat.（which在定语从句中做主语，不能省略，可以换成 that ）（2） I，ve lost the watch which I bought last week.（which在定语从句中做bought的宾语，可以省略，可以换成that ）但是，which可以引导非限制性定语从句，或指代前面整个主句的意思，而 that却不可 以。eg： They have three houses, which are built of

18、stone. （which 在弓I导个非限制性 定语从句）She married Tom, which surprised everyone. （which 指 She married Tom 这件事，不 能用that）如果在表示物的先行词后面有介词，引导词不能用 that ,只能用which。例如：The train on which she was traveling was late.Such countries as Jje in the Middle America are small in area.（such修饰先行词countries , as在所引导的定语从句中充当主语）He

19、 is not the same man as he was.（the same修饰先行词man as在所引导的定语从句中充当表语）This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. （which在弓导非限制性定语从句的时候，只能放在主句的后面。）As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.副词性从句As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his wayso easily

20、.Eg: I ll tell him the news the minute he gets here.I was watching TV when my mother came in.Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don，t know.I，ll speak to him as soon as he comes back.The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the university.He had scarcely entered the

21、 room when it began to rain.Where there is a will, there is a way.Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.He studies so_hard that he may pass the final exam.He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well.让步状语从句：多由连词though （虽然），although （虽然），even if （即使），even though（即使）

22、,while（然而），whereas （尽管，但是）等引导。例如：Although it is winter, it is not very cold.（although 同于 though , 注意不要与but连用）Even if it is raining, we ll go. （同于 even though ）They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.I have changed the plan as you suggest.Out teacher loves us as if / as though we we

23、re her children. （从句中使用了 虚 拟语气）This question is more difficult than I thought.条件状语从句：由连词if, unless （= if not）（如果不），given （that） （鉴于、如果），supposing （that）（假如），assuming （that）（假如），providing （that）（假如）等引导。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the

24、examination.注意：if引导的条件状语从句有两种情况：一种是表示可能成为现实的情况，即真实条 件句；但是如果假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性极小，可以说几乎没有时，就是非真 实条件句，即虚拟条件句（虚拟语气）。结论: 无论是哪一类从句，本质都是，必须是一个完整的句子，要具备完整的句子结构;大显身手:Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the O

25、NEanswer that best completes the sentences.1. Do you remember the day he fell off the tree?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where2. Itwasn t such a good dinner she had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what3. The baby didn t stop crying the mother came in.A. untilB. whenC. as soon asD. as4. You see the lig

26、htning it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A. in the minuteB. the minute C. for the minute D. on the minute5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure I could have done with it.A. whetherB. whyC. whatD. when6. Although Anneis happy with her success , she wonders will happen to her family.A

27、. thatB. whatC. itD. this7. There is no doubt he will soon come .A. thatB. whyC. ifD. whether8. Don t go into that old house there are many mice.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. where9. The speaker talked of some writers and books were unknown to us.A. whoB. thatC. whomD. whichB. The earth is roundD. Which the earth is roundB. where should we doD. what we should doB. where has she put10.is true.A. That the earth is roundC. What the earth is round11. That is.A. what shou