大学英语新编第一册unit 3

1、 Unit 3 Gender DifferencesBackground Gender difference is a term used to refer to social characteristic that distinguish men and women. These include such things as differences in hair styles, clothing, family responsibilities, occupational roles,acceptable behavior and other culturally learned acti

2、vities and traits. All of these differences are linked to the non-biological notions of masculinity and femininity which vary from one culture to another.Part one Preparation Related VocabularyGender StereotypeFeminine Qualityl tenderl weakl sensitivel humblel shyl sympatheticl charitablel dependent

3、l soft / gentle l delicate / fragilel timid / cautiousl modestl reservedl concerned / caringl considerate / thoughtfull obedient / tolerantMasculine Qualityl brave / boldl strong / powerfull adventurousl determinedl persistentl able / competentl cooll aggressivel daringl muscularl courageousl resolu

4、tel insistentl confidentl independent Feminine Activitiesl cookingl washing / cleaningl baby nursing l child caring / educationl enthusiastic with charitable institutionl participate in community activityMasculine Activityl bread ownerl family repairerl take part in government or public lifel engage

5、 in business managementl engage in scientific pursuitl do explorationDirections: Read the following poem by Alfred Tennyson(a 19th century poet) and the sentences from The Feminine Mystique (1963) by Betty Friedan. Try to answer the questions below.Man for the field and woman for the hearth(壁炉，喻家庭)M

6、an for the sword and for the needle sheMan with the head and woman with the heartMan to command and woman to obey;All else confusion. - from The Princess(1847), song, “O Swallow”“A girl should not expect special privileges because of her sex, but neither should she adjust to prejudice and dis- crimi

7、nation. She must learn to compete not as a woman, but as a human being.” - Betty FriedanApart from the physical differences are there Apart from the physical differences are there any other features of men and women that are any other features of men and women that are patterned by culture?patterned

8、 by culture? l Men are more independentl Men are generally strong and energeticl Men are less concerned with their appearancel Men are more likely to “explode like a volcano”l Men seldom express feelingsl Men have an aggressive natureApart from the physical differences are there Apart from the physi

9、cal differences are there any other features of men and women that are any other features of men and women that are patterned by culture?patterned by culture? l Women are more sensitivel Women are generally neat and cleanl Women are generally well-manneredl Women express gentle feelingsl Women have

10、a strong need for securityl Women pay a great attention to their appearance When the When the Lord GodLord God made the earth and the heavens made the earth and the heavens , no , no shrub or plant of the field had yetshrub or plant of the field had yetappeared , for the appeared , for the GodGod ha

11、d not sent rain on the had not sent rain on theearth and there was no man to work the ground.earth and there was no man to work the ground. the the Lord GodLord God formed the man from the dust formed the man from the dustof the ground and breathed into his nostrils theof the ground and breathed int

12、o his nostrils thebreath of life, and the man became a living being,breath of life, and the man became a living being,named Adam. The named Adam. The Lord God Lord God took the man and puttook the man and puthim in the garden of Eden to work it and take carehim in the garden of Eden to work it and t

13、ake careof it.of it.MADAM, IM ADAM !Enjoy the following storythe Lord God said, “ It is not good for the man to be alone.I will make a helper suitable for him.” The Lord God caused Adam to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, theGod took one of the mans ribs and closed up the place wit

14、hflesh. Then he made a woman from the rib taken out of the man,and he brought her to the man. Adam called the woman madeout of one of his ribs Eve.EVE, MY DEAR! later on, Eve was fooled by the serpent (snake) to eat and persuade Adam to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which

15、was forbidden by the Lord God. As punishment, the God said: to the woman:I will greatly increase your pains in childbearing;With pain you will give birth to children.Your desire will be for your husband,And he will rule over you.to the man: You will eat the plants of the field.By the sweat of your b

16、row you will eat your food. until you return to the ground.Since from it you were taken; and to dust you will return.-from Holy Biblev1. What do you think an ideal husband should be? tall, handsome, strong,rich,educated,kind and loyalv2.What do you think an ideal wife should be?warm-hearted, beautif

17、ul, intelligent, educated and a good cookWarm-up questions 1. How does a child know the details of gender behavior?He is taught both directly and indirectly. There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls.Warm-up questions 2.What do teachers do in class as far as a cultural bias i

18、n education is concerned?The bias is unintentional and unconscious. Teachers often assign girls tasks generally considered to be suitable to them.Warm-up questions 3.How do boys and girls behave at school?Boys care less about the correctness of their answers, while girls care more. Development Devel

19、opment Conclusion Conclusion Introduction Text StructureText Structure S1. Over the past few decades, it has been proven innumerable times that various types of behavior, emotions and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are by both heredity and culture. ( Lines 13 ) 1. 本句涉及形式主语问题本

20、句涉及形式主语问题, it 替代后面由替代后面由that 引导的整个句子；引导的整个句子；翻译句子：翻译句子： e.g. Boys like to pattern themselves on the man they admire.2. constitute是是vt.，而，而masculine及及feminine是形容词，为了满是形容词，为了满 足及物动词的需要，需加上动名词足及物动词的需要，需加上动名词being;3. pattern (v.): to make according to a pattern; copy exactly 仿制，模仿仿制，模仿男孩子们喜欢模仿他们所钦佩的人。男孩

21、子们喜欢模仿他们所钦佩的人。译文：在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证译文：在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感和兴趣阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感和兴趣都是由遗传决定和文化熏陶而成的。都是由遗传决定和文化熏陶而成的。1. Over the past few decades, it has been proven innumerable times that various types of behavior, emotions and interests that constitut

22、e being masculine and feminine are by both heredity and culture. ( Lines 13 ) 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 句中出现了由句中出现了由as 引导的原因状语从句。引导的原因状语从句。as 的用法归纳如

23、下：的用法归纳如下：1. 连词连词（conj.） a. 引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句 e.g. He saw her as they were both getting off the bus.b. 引导原因状语从句引导原因状语从句 e.g. He saw her as they were getting off the bus at the same time.c. 引导让步状语从句（虽然）引导让步状语从句（虽然） e.g. Improbable as it seems, it is true.d. 引导方式状语从句（按照）引导方式状语从句（按照） e.g. Do as I say!e.

24、 引导比较状语从句（用于引导比较状语从句（用于asas句式）句式） e.g. She works as carefully as she does quickly. 她工作既细心又迅速。 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 句中出现了由句中出现了由as 引导的原因状语从句。引导

25、的原因状语从句。as 的用法归纳如下：的用法归纳如下：2. 介词介词（prep.）相当于相当于 ，意为，意为“作为作为”。 e.g. Some students work as a tutor in the vacation.e.g. He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.3. 关系代词关系代词（pron.），引导定语从句。，引导定语从句。 译文：另一些与性别相关的行为方式是人们无译文：另一些与性别相关的行为方式是人们无意识的或间接地传授给孩子的，因为

26、文化为女孩意识的或间接地传授给孩子的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供了不同的形象、向往的目标和成子和男孩子提供了不同的形象、向往的目标和成年人的榜样。年人的榜样。 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 3.Their research showed that many teacher

27、s who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. be amazed to do: 惊异地发现；不定式惊异地发现；不定式 to do 作原作原 因状语因状语; 常见类似结构还有：常见类似结构还有：e.g. I was surprised to see him there. 我真想不到在那里见到他。 be pleased/ glad/ happy/ surprised/ upset/ sorry to do 等。等。 译文：他们的研究表明：许多认为自己没有译文：他

28、们的研究表明：许多认为自己没有性别歧视的教师们惊异地发现录像上自己表现性别歧视的教师们惊异地发现录像上自己表现得如此偏心。得如此偏心。 3.Their research showed that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. 4.This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become a

29、ctive in classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement.1. 注意复习本句中的句型：注意复习本句中的句型： have/make an impact on: 对对有巨大影响有巨大影响 2. for是并列连词，引出表示补充说明的原因。是并列连词，引出表示补充说明的原因。have/make an effect/influence one.g. We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.

30、注意注意：由由for 引出的原因不能出现在句首。引出的原因不能出现在句首。 译文：这对学生的学习过程有极大影响，因译文：这对学生的学习过程有极大影响，因为，一般说来，那些积极参与课堂活动的学生为，一般说来，那些积极参与课堂活动的学生将对学习逐渐形成一种更为积极的学习态度，将对学习逐渐形成一种更为积极的学习态度，进而在学习上取得更大的成就。进而在学习上取得更大的成就。 4.This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become active in classro

31、om participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement.5.These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than ( ) with its content, and mo

32、re anxious about being “right” in their answers than ( ) in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.1. 本句中出现了一些省略结构，请补全。本句中出现了一些省略结构，请补全。 （见句中括号部分）（见句中括号部分） 2. carry over: continue to exist 延续延续e.g. The habit carries over from my childhood.这个习惯是我小时候就有的。concernedbeing right译文：这些教诲从家

33、庭一直延续到课堂，在译文：这些教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂，在课堂里常常可以看到女孩子更依赖教师，更注课堂里常常可以看到女孩子更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非其内容，更在乎她们重作业的形式和整洁而非其内容，更在乎她们的答案是否的答案是否“正确正确”而不是在动脑筋方面的独而不是在动脑筋方面的独立性、分析性或创造性。立性、分析性或创造性。5.These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher,

34、more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than (concerned ) with its content, and more anxious about being “right” in their answers than (being right ) in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original. （line 47）1.(Title) Gender Roles from a Cultural Perspective 注意复习注意复习 per

35、spective ：透视图；景色；：透视图；景色； （看待问题的）视角、观点（看待问题的）视角、观点1. From the top of the hill we got a perspective of the entire park.英译汉英译汉 我们从山顶上眺望了整个公园的我们从山顶上眺望了整个公园的景色景色。2. The new evidence put an entirely different perspective on the case.新的证据使人们从完全不同的新的证据使人们从完全不同的角度角度来审视此案件。来审视此案件。 1.(Title) Gender Roles from

36、 a Cultural Perspective e.g. From a white male perspective, it is hard to understand the racial discrimination. 词组词组 from a perspective/from a perspective of 从从角度角度in the right/wrong perspective 正确地、全面地（观察事物）正确地、全面地（观察事物）; ; 错误地、片面的错误地、片面的( (观察事物）观察事物）从一个白人男性的角度看很难理解种族歧视。从一个白人男性的角度看很难理解种族歧视。 2. each

37、 child learnsthat become incorporated into its genderidentity. (Lines 34, para. 1) incorporated (adj.)： 结合的，合并的结合的，合并的 incorporate (v.)：（使）并入，（使）合并，（使）混合：（使）并入，（使）合并，（使）混合汉译英汉译英We have incorporated your new ideas into the plan.常见的句型有常见的句型有 incorporate sth in/into：把：把并入，把并入，把吸收到吸收到 1. 我们已把你的新想法我们已把你的

38、新想法吸收吸收到这个计划中去了。到这个计划中去了。The general incorporated a warning into his speech.2. 将军在讲话中将军在讲话中提出提出警告。警告。I incorporated the new plan with the old.3. 我把新旧计划我把新旧计划结合结合起来。起来。 3. Recently, for example, a study of American public schoolsthat favors boys over girls. (Lines 910, para. 2) favor (vt.) 1. 喜欢喜欢 2.

39、 支持，赞同支持，赞同 3. 有利于，有助于有利于，有助于 e.g. The teacher favors serious students. 老师老师喜欢喜欢学习认真的学生。学习认真的学生。e.g. We favor your proposal. 相应的名词词组是：相应的名词词组是：be in favor of e.g. The weather favored the harvesting. 3. Recently, for example, a study of American public schoolsthat favors boys over girls. (Lines 910,

40、para. 2) favor (vt.) 4. 偏爱，偏袒偏爱，偏袒 5. （容貌）像（容貌）像 e.g.Parents sometimes favor the youngest child in the family. e.g. The child favors his mother; they both have brown eyes.e.g.Its wrong to favor one student over the other. 对学生厚此薄彼是错误的。4. it was observed by professors and women students alike (Lines 2

41、021, para.2) 1. alike (adj.) 相同的，相像的相同的，相像的e.g. 1. 这兄弟俩长得非常相像这兄弟俩长得非常相像/一模一样。一模一样。 The two brothers are very much alikeThe two brothers are exactly alike. 2. All music is alike to Tom.各种音乐在各种音乐在TomTom听来全是一样的。听来全是一样的。 4. it was observed by professors and women students alike (Lines 2021, para.2) 2. a

42、like (adv.) 同样地、同等地同样地、同等地treat alike 同等对待同等对待 think alike 有同样想法有同样想法注意复习：如何表达如何表达“有不同的想法或看有不同的想法或看法法” think differently/ otherwisee.g. I learned a lot from teachers and students alike.我从老师和同学那里我从老师和同学那里都都学到了很多东西。学到了很多东西。 5. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been (Line 22,

43、para.2) subordination (n.) 次要地位，服从，从属次要地位，服从，从属 subordinate (vt.) 使服从，使处于次要地位使服从，使处于次要地位这个词的各个形式都与介词这个词的各个形式都与介词toto连用连用. . subordinate (adj.) 次要的，从属的，下级的次要的，从属的，下级的 从句从句 a subordinate clause e.g. 处于从属地位 be in a subordinate position 个人利益服从集体利益subordinate ones personal interests to those of the group

44、.少数服从多数 The minority is subordinate to majority.5. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been (Line 22, para.2) in accordance with 根据，按照根据，按照1. consider problems in terms of peoples interests翻译句子翻译句子 从从人民的利益出发来考虑问题人民的利益出发来考虑问题2. This should be discussed fully in light of the de

45、velopments in the university.这件事应该这件事应该根据根据大学里的新情况加以充分讨论。大学里的新情况加以充分讨论。 6.Research done by the Sadkers showed by assigning them different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles. (Lines2426, para 3)同义表达有：同义表达有：according to/ in terms of / in (the) light of注意复习：注意复习：deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺剥夺/

46、夺去某人的夺去某人的1. She has been deprived of sight for some years.翻译句子翻译句子 她已经她已经失明失明多年。多年。2. He derives a lot of pleasure from meeting new people. 他从结交新朋友中获得许多乐趣。他从结交新朋友中获得许多乐趣。 7. the girls were thus being deprived of a vital learning experience (Line 30, para 3 )注意分辨：注意分辨：derive from/ derive from 源于源于,

47、派生派生/ 从从中获得中获得8.Another dimension of gender-biased education is the typical American teachers assumption (Line 32, para. 4） 复习复习dimension 1. (pl.) 尺寸（指长度、宽度、厚尺寸（指长度、宽度、厚/高度高度 2. (pl.) 面积、规模；面积、规模； 3. 特点、方面（特点、方面（课文中含义课文中含义）；）； e.g. a box of large dimensionse.g. take the dimensions of a field an oper

48、a house of great dimensionse.g.There is another dimension to this problem which you havent considered.体积很大的箱子体积很大的箱子丈量一块田地丈量一块田地规模巨大的歌剧院规模巨大的歌剧院9. while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of (Lines 3536, para 4) 注意注意：表达式中虽没有表示比较级的：表达式中虽没有表示比较级的than，但却表达比较之意。，但却表达比较之意。 注意复习：注意复习：be

49、 superior to 优于、胜过优于、胜过其对应的反义表达为：其对应的反义表达为：be inferior to1. approve (vt.) 批准批准1. 全国人大批准了总理的报告。翻译句子翻译句子 The National Peoples Congress approved the premiers report.2. （弃权）决议以68票对10票通过，28票弃权。The resolution was approved 68 to 10, with 28 abstentions. 10. girls are filled with fears of the world outside

50、the home and with the desire to be approved of for their“goodness” (Lines 4546, para 5) 2. approve (vi.)（与（与of 连用）连用）我不能支持一项我从未赞同的政策。翻译句子翻译句子 I cant approve of a policy of which I have never approved.10. girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of

51、for their“goodness” (Lines 4546, para 5) 11.同义词辨析gender/ sexgender（比较正式）性别，（文法）性，如阴性、阳性、中性（比较正式）性别，（文法）性，如阴性、阳性、中性sex 主要指生理方面的性别主要指生理方面的性别without distinction of age or sex 无论男女老少无论男女老少the opposite sex 异性异性12. 同义词辨析masculine/ male/ manly/ mannish与之对应的反义词与之对应的反义词 feminine/ female/womanly/womanishmascu

52、line 有男子气概的、（组织、行业）由男子组成的；有男子气概的、（组织、行业）由男子组成的； male （指性别）雄性的、男性的（指性别）雄性的、男性的 manly（褒义词，指男人具有的思想品质）有勇气的、果断的（褒义词，指男人具有的思想品质）有勇气的、果断的 mannish（贬义词）（指女人）像男人的（贬义词）（指女人）像男人的 完成句子完成句子 The industry is wholly .这一行全由男性担当。这一行全由男性担当。 masculineHe speaks with a deep voice.他的声音是一种浑厚的男声他的声音是一种浑厚的男声 male They are me

53、n of build.他们都是身材魁梧的男性他们都是身材魁梧的男性 masculine 她的男性化特点非常强她的男性化特点非常强 She had strong, almost mannish features.翻译练习翻译练习 He made manly determination to undertake such a difficult task.他果断地决定接受这项艰巨的任务他果断地决定接受这项艰巨的任务 The boy walked with a manly stride. 那个孩子迈着雄赳赳的大步走路那个孩子迈着雄赳赳的大步走路 l Post-Readingl Reading Com

54、prehensionl 1.Understanding the Organization of the Textl 1)Introduction (Para. 1)l It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture.l 2)There is a cultural bias in educat

55、ion that favors boys over girls. (Para. 2-4)l Supporting evidence:l A.Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (Para. 2)l a.Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.l b.The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive at

56、titudes and go on to higher achievement.l c.Two examples:l i.In many of former all-womens colleges, the boys were “taking over” the classroom discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.l ii.A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observe

57、d in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.l B.Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles. (Para. 3)l a.Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.l b.An example: A teacher had the little boys pe

58、rform the scientific “experiment” while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. (Para. 4)l C.Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teachers assumption.l a.The assumption: Boys will so bettering the “hard”, “masculine” subjects of math and science whil

59、e girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.l b.Its problem: The assumption is also a self-fulfilling prophecy.l c.Three examples:l i.American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.l ii.In Ger

60、many, all studies are considered “masculine”, and it is girls who develop reading problems.l ii.In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.l 3)The educational bias begins at home. (Para. 5)l A.Supporting evidence:l a.Boy preschoolers were