英汉翻译绪论

1、英汉翻译绪论英汉翻译绪论1.翻译的定义、性质、分类及其对译者的要求翻译的定义、性质、分类及其对译者的要求 1)定义:反映是用一种语言把已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准反映是用一种语言把已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来确而完整地重新表达出来。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the recep

2、tor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Translation implies the rendering from one language to another of something written or spoken.辞源：用一种语言表达他种语文的意思。Eugene A. Nida: Translating means translating meaning.2) 翻译是一

3、种跨时空的语言活动（尽管人类处理主观和客观世界的具体方式因受不同的文化价值观的影响而不完全相同，但各民族在许多方面存在着广泛的一致，人类的 语言生成和转换能力也毫无二致，所以一种语言所表达的东西用另一语言重新表达是可能的。），是一门科学（science）、艺术（art）、技能（skill）、鉴赏（taste）。总的来说，翻译是一门综合性的学科，因为它集语言学、文学、社会学、教育学、人类学、信息理论等学科特点与一身形成了自己独立的体系。3）分类：A.从译出语（source language）和译入语（target language）的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语。B。从涉及

4、的语言符号来看，可分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译；C。 从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译；D。从翻译题材看，可分为专业性翻译、文学翻译、一般性翻译；E。从翻译方式看，可分为全译、摘译和编译。2.译者的素养译者的素养 1)扎实的语言基本功 This large body of men had met on the previous night,despite the elements which were opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole night and drenching them to the skin. 2)丰

5、富的文化知识 The Army and Navy needed all their energies to acquire conventional weapons ;they had no time for Buck Rogers games. 3)熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧. They were sons of the men who left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side. 4)熟悉各种工具书Even before they were acquainted, he ha

6、d admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. 他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五*。 *星期五(Friday)是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许

7、是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。 *在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。3. It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。 *星期五Friday为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。 3.翻译的过程翻译的过程 1)(准确)理解(语言现象、逻辑关系、原文所指涉的事物),要求译者进入细致地进行语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析。1.It is good for him to do that;2.He

8、 bought a chair (椅子)at the furniture store;3.He was condemned to the electric chair（电椅）;4.Please address the chair（会议主席）;5.He will chair （主持）the meeting;6.He was appointed to the chair of philosophy(哲学系主任)at the university. 2)(充分充分)表达：表达：译者把自己所理解的内容用译入语准确而又自然地传递给译入语读者的阶段。 These developing countries

9、cover vast territories，encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。 防止两种倾向： 1.Overtranslation（over-representation，即不顾原文本意如何，任意增枝加叶，画蛇添足） 2.Undertranslation(under-representation.即任意删减 或是忽略原作者的感情态度或不计语言风格。）表达方式：直译、意译、直译加意译；能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就意译。）Whether we should us

10、e literal translation or free translation depends on the interrelation between the source language and the target language.1.Thats all Greeks to me.2.If you see any green in his eye, you are wrong.3.Today I welcomed the opportunity of exchanging views with the leaders of Chinese Government about the

11、 world scene.4.He was regarded by good wives far and wide as a hero. 5. There is no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. 直译：锅子再癞，也不愁找个盖。 意译：姑娘再丑，也不愁配偶。3)(仔细仔细)校对校对（数字，日期，距离，方位，名称有无错漏；有无漏译的词、句、段落；误译的内容；逻辑不通，行文不顺；翻译腔；误用标点符号。）4.翻译标准 1)忠实(原作的内容、风格) 2)通顺（通顺易懂，符合规范） 详细看课本第7页。练习1.Partly as a result of the recen

12、tly increasing demand, whole-sale tea prices have doubled.2.I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, surprise because he is still around, excitement because he didnt ever forget me.3.When they find who killed that kid and its mother, they will throw the book , and never mind who it was.

13、4. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.5.When John was talking about the affairs, we smelled a rat.6.He bent solely upon profit.7. If we want your cents, well ask for it.6.He walked at the head of the funeral procession and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handke

14、rchief.7.Every dog has its day.8.Do you see any green in my eye?9. The oppressed people in the world would rather go through fire and water to fight against imperialists and colonialists than be turned round their little fingers.10.This means killing two birds with one stone. 1.Definition of Transla

15、tion Translation is getting more and more important, which is known to all. and what is translation? 根据牛津大词典，英语的translate一词，应该来自拉丁文translatus一词，而后者则是transferre的一种过去分词，其中trans-的意思是across ，意为“从此边/岸到彼边/岸”，与中文的“翻”有异曲同工之妙；而-ferre的意思则是to bear， carry，bring。“translate”一词字面含义是“把某物从此处搬到彼处”，除了“翻译”以外还有“解释”、“转变”

16、、“转移”、“调换宗教”、“移葬宗教”等多种含义。 根据美国传统词典双解的解释，这个词有很多意思： (1)to render in another language.翻译;翻译成另一种语言。 (2)to put in simpler words; explain or interprete ; (3)to express in different words; paraphrase （5）To change from one form, function, or state to another; convert or transform 使转变；从一种形式、职能或状态转到另一种形式、职能或状

17、态；转变或变形； 如：translate an ideal into reality/translate sth into action （6）to transfer from one place or condition to another 转到；使 从个地方或状态转到另一个地方或状态. 如：The emblem has been translated into a fact， or rather into a miracle./be translated into the countryside. 前三个是主要用法;(1)的意思就是”翻译”;（5）（6）的意思，基本上都是讲事物从一种状态

18、转变为另一种状态，侧重的是形式和状态的转变而基本没涉及到内容上的传递。具体说，其意义恰好在于translate的trans-上，是在across上，而没有在意carry，bear， bring什么内容. 汉语的“翻”“译”和“翻译”均有其渊源和漫长的历史。说文解字：“翻，飞也，从羽番声，或从飞。”辞海现代高级词典等汉语词典大都引用这一说法。由鸟类羽毛翻飞的本意又转意为许多意义，如上下或内外交换的位置、推翻原来的、回返，爬过、越过，等。 这些比较形象地说明了翻译的过程，即把一种语言所表达的内容用另一种语言反过来说一下，两种语言面对面地比较，不仅有“上下或内外交换的位置”和反过来的意思，和中国学者

19、把翻译比喻为地毯、媒人、绘画、投胎转世等有异曲同工之妙。这些比喻也揭示了翻译本身之难，因为在翻译的过程中，如果处理不好，就很可能推翻和颠覆了原文，原文等效就更无从说起。而“翻”的“爬过”“越过”之意，恰好和translate的trans-意义一致。 汉语的“译”也有多种意思。说文 三上 言雅：“译，传四夷之音，从言睾声。”方言十三：“译，传也。”事实上，“译”这个字是专门指“翻译”的，只不过“译”最早指的是与北方少数民族之间的翻译而已： 五方之民，语言不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。 -礼记 王制 这四个名称的意思是相似的，古代还有“象寄”，“鞮译”等

20、名称。后来对于翻译人员有更通俗的名称：“蛮夷反舌”（“戎狄言语于中国相反，因谓反舌”）可见古时称外国言语为“”反舌“。三国 韦昭注曰：舌人，能达异方之志，象胥之职也。可见古时又称翻译为“舌人”。 唐孔颖达:译,陈也，陈说内外之言。唐代的贾公彦说：“译即易，谓换言语使其相解也。” “翻”也有“ ”之意，是“移”的异体字。“移”有“移译”和“ 译”的意思，比“翻译”更接近英语的translate一词，而且“译”或“”比“翻”更直接表达了translate的trans-之意。 至于后来“翻”和“译”合并而成的“翻译”，一方面是为了符合汉语双音节字的表达习惯，而且进一步补充和强化了“转变”和“又此及彼

21、”的含义，使得翻译的观念更加完备。而“翻译”的意思不仅含有“翻”和“译”的含义。 如果说“翻”注重的是翻译过程中形式转变，“译”侧重的是翻译过程中内容上的传递的话，那么“翻译”两字就概括了语言的形式和内容两方面的含义，和奈达对翻译的界定基本相同。看来中西方对于翻译的外延和内涵的看法基本一致 。 Some Examples: 1. “I kept it from her after I heard on it”,Said Mr. Peggotty,“going on nigh a year,We was living then in a soli- tary place,but among the beautifulest trees and with the ros- es a-covering our Bein t