谈济南市大气污染的成因与防治

1、谈济南市大气污染的成因及防治济南市的空气质量自去年1月28日向社会公布以来，已成为广大市民十分 关注的热点难点和焦点问题。就济南的大气污染成因和防治措施， 提出初步的看 法和意见，以供探讨。一、济南市的环境空气质量状况几年来，济南市的城市建设和经济建设有了较大的发展。济南作为一个北方内陆城市，空气质量具有北方城市的普遍特点，呈现典型的煤烟型污 染。尽管近年来不断加大环保执法力度， 强化环境综合整治，环境质量有了明显 改善，但空气质量仍不尽人意。同全国其他城市相比，济南空气质量处于中下水 平，大气污染的程度是比较严重的。在1998年46个发布空气质量周报的城市中， 济南的空气质量一半以上的时间在

2、倒数 10名内，最差的一次为倒数第二位，最 好的名次为正数第25位。二、济南市大气污染的成因济南市大气污染的形成原因是复杂的，既有自然原因，又有人为原因， 既有历史遗留的原因，又有近年来发展不协调的原因。1. 能源结构以煤炭为主，煤炭占总能源的 70沖上2. 大气污染的首要污染物是总悬浮颗粒物，即尘类污染尘的来源除了燃煤烟尘外，工业粉尘和因建筑、垃圾、风沙、及车辆行驶的 扬尘均不可忽视。3. 长期形成的城市工业布局不合理加重了济南市区的大气污染济南市常年的主导风向是东北一西南风。 王舍人工业区、党家工业区和几个 主要的污染企业都处于主导风向上，在主导风的作用下，加重了市区的大气污染.4. 地形

3、条件对空气质量十分不利众所周知，济南四面环山，北倚地上河黄河，地形呈浅碟状，不利于大气污 染物的水平输送和扩散，使污染物容易在市区积聚，从而加重污染。5 冬季特殊的气象条件大大加重了大气污染在污染源相对稳定的情况下，气象条件对空气质量的好坏有至关重要的影 响。6 .机动车保有量的迅速增加，使机动车尾气污染占整个大气污染的负荷越来 越大由于汽车排放的污染物正处于人的呼吸带，往往形成较稳定的近地面污染 层，对人体危害很大。7.地面绿化和硬化不够，扬尘污染较重尽管济南市近两年实施造绿工程，建成了市区五大广场，但同其他城市相比 市区绿化率和人均绿地指标仍比较低，而且草多树少，种类配置欠合理。另外， 由

4、于施工等原因而造成的裸露地面不能及时覆盖或硬化，在风和车辆行驶的作用 下形成较重的尘污染。三、济南市大气污染的防治措施济南市的大气污染问题已经引起省市领导的高度重视和全社会的关注，按照省委“五年大变样”和近期市政府创建文明城市抓“容貌工程”的要求，针对污染形成的原因即将采取种种措施进行综合污染防治。 对于自然形成的不利的地形 和气象因素我们现今还无法改变和干预， 也不应怨天尤人，而应面对现实对人为 的污染源一一采取有效措施从根本上加以防治。1. 依法大力加强对各类排烟设施的监督管理。2. 提高燃煤质量，改变能源结构，从源头控制大气污染(1) 推广使用低硫、低灰分煤炭。(2) 改变低空排烟设施的

5、燃料结构。3 如快调整产业结构和工业布局，努力减轻结构性污染(1) 逐步将污染严重，治理困难的企业迁出市区。(2) 关停和取缔小水泥厂、小石灰窑和小石子粉碎点。4. 加强老污染源的治理并严把新上项目(1) 加快黄台发电厂烟气脱硫步伐。(2) 对1-130吨/时的锅炉进行烟气脱硫除尘。(3) 对1-130吨/时烟尘超标排放的720多台锅(窑)炉进行限期治理。5. 实施城市环境综合整治，增强城市污染防治能力环境保护工作绝不是依靠环保部门一家就能搞好的，它涉及到方方面面，需要各个部门的相互协作和全社会的支持。(1) 大力发展城市集中供热、供气。(2) 加强城市绿化和大环境绿化工作(3) 加强建筑工地

6、的管理。(4) 引逐步改变道路保洁方式。(5) 取缔露天烧烤。6 加强汽车尾气的污染防治为了控制机动车排气污染，济南市已禁止销售、使 用含铅汽油，立法工作正在紧锣密鼓的进行。(1) 对我市机动车制造厂生产的车辆加强监督管理，达不到徘放标准的， 不允许出厂。(2) 市区内新增车辆提倡购买使用电喷技术的车辆；新车挂牌，经监测尾 气排放不达标的，不发牌照；年检和抽检尾气排放不合格的机动车，经维护、保 养仍不能达标排放的，吊销牌照，不准继续上路行驶。(3) 严格出租车管理，加快出租车更新换代。2000年底前所有“面的”更 换完毕，新更换的车辆必须具备双燃料功能。(4) 限制柴油车的发展。除特殊行业需要

7、外，对柴油机动车不再办理挂牌 业务；对超标排放尾气的柴油公交车，按照“一换、二改、三停”的原则进行淘 汰。(5) 限制轻骑摩托车的发展，从今年元月 1日起不再办理轻骑摩托车挂牌 业务。(6) 严格按照国家有关规定执行车辆报废制度。对达到报废条件的车辆， 应坚决报废、淘汰。尽快制订轻骑摩托车报废办法，对达到报废条件的进行淘汰， 逐年减少轻骑摩托车的数量。(7) 推广使用双燃料汽车。对运营车辆(公交车、出租车)进行双燃料改 造，今年改造200辆，明年改造500辆，2001年进行大面积的推广。(8) 加强农用车和外地进济车的管理。 从2001年起，农用车和经监测尾气 超标的外地车辆一律不准进入济南市

8、区。7 加强环境宣传教育，大力提高领导干部和广大市民的环境意识要通过各种渠道强化可持续发展战略的宣传，提高各级干部和广大市民的环 保意识，形成浓厚的“环境保护，人人有责”的舆论氛围，使那些违反环保法的 行为无立身之地。让我们携起手来，既要发展经济，又要保护好济南的环境，为 广大市民创造一个美好的空气清新的生活环境。通过各个方面的了解，我们可以看到虽然政府采取了相应的措施， 但济南的 天气污染总体上比较严重，因此对于广大群众当然也包括我们来说是任重而道 远，所以从现在起，我们要树立保护环境的决心，并且要付诸于行动，从点点滴 滴做起，只有这样我们才能慢慢改变这种现状， 让环境变得越来越好，我们也就

9、 生活的越来越快乐。通过我们小组的共同努力，基本上达到了预期的目标，也让我们学到了团队 协作的重要性。在这个时代，无论你多么优秀，你终究是一个人，但是只要是一 个团队能够齐心协力，无论多么艰巨的任务，终会被解决的，这就是团队的力量。 这也是现代社会所需要的，这就是我们从这次活动中所学到的。About Jinan causes and prevention and control of atmospheric pollutionJinan air quality since last January 28 publish to the society, has becomethe general

10、 public is very difficult and focus issues of concern. Jinan cause and the preve nti on and con trol measures of atmospheric polluti on and puts forward prelim inary views and opinions, to discuss.First, the situation of air environmental quality of Jinan cityOver the past few years, Jinan urba n co

11、n struct ion and econo mic con struct ion has a larger developme nt. As an in la nd city in the n orth, Jinan has the com mon features of the n ortherin city air quality, and presents the typical MeiYanXing fouling Dye. Although in recent years, grow ing en vir onmen tal law en forceme nt, stre ngth

12、e n the comprehe nsive improveme nt of the en vir onment, the en vir onmen tal quality has improved significantly, but the air quality is still unsatisfactory. Comparedwith other cities in China, Jinan air quality at a lower level, the degree of air pollution is moreserious. Released in 1998, 46 cit

13、y air quality weekly report, the air quality in Jinan more than half of the time within the last 10, the worst of times for the second place, the best place is positive to 25th.Second, the Jinan the cause of air pollutio nJinan atmospheric pollution is the cause of formation of complex, bothnatural

14、causes, and others, for reasons, both the historicalreasons, andin rece nt years developme nt not harm onio us.1. The energy structure is given priority to with coal, coal accountedfor over 70% of the total en ergy2. The primary pollutant is total suspended particulate matter airpolluti on, dust pol

15、luti onDust sources in additi on to coal dust, in dustrial dust and due to thebuild in gs, garbage, dust, and vehicle traffic dust can not be igno red.3. The long form of Jinan city in dustrial layout is not reas on able toin crease the urba n air polluti onJinan pere nnial dominant wind directi on

16、is a southwest n ortheast.Scheere n wang in dustrial zone, party in dustrial zone and several major polluti ngen terprises are dominant wi nd directi on,the dominant un der theaction of wind, in creased urba n air polluti on.4. The terrain con diti ons on the air quality is very badAs is known to al

17、l, Jinan and surro un ded, n orth relies on the river,the Yellow River on the ground, terrain saucer shaped, detrimental to the level of the atmospheric polluta nts tran sport and diffusi on, the pollutants easy to accumulate in city, thus increasing pollution.5. Special win ter weather con diti ons

18、 add greatly to air polluti onUnder the condition of the pollution sources are relatively stable, the sta nd or fall of weather con diti ons on the air quality has a crucial impact.6. Motor vehicle own ership in creased rapidly, the motor vehicle exhaustpollution load of the atmospheric pollution is

19、 more and more big. Due to vehicle emission pollutantsare in the humanbreathing zone, tend to forma stable layer nearthe ground pollution, does great harm to human body.7. The ground gree ning and harde ning is not eno ugh, the heavier dust polluti onAlthough Jinan two years impleme ntati on to buil

20、d gree n projects, completed five square dow ntow n, but compared with other cities urba n afforestationand green space per capita indicators are still relativelylow, more trees and grass, less species configuration unadvisable. In additi on, due to reas ons such as con struct ion of bare ground har

21、de ning or not covered in time, in the wind and vehicle traffic un der the in flue nee of forming the heavier dust pollution.Third, Jinan atmospheric polluti on preve nti on and con trol measuresJinan atmospheric polluti on problems has caused provin ces leadership attaches great importa nee to and

22、the atte ntio n of the whole society, accord ing to the provin cial party committee "five-year makeover" and the city gover nment to create civilized city catch "face project" requirement, for the reason of the pollution would be taken for integrated polluti on preve nti on and c

23、on trol measures. For n atural unfav orable terrain and meteorological factors we could n't change now and in terve nti on, also should not compla in, but should face the reality of man-made polluti on sources, take effective measures to fun dame ntally to the preve nti on and con trol.1. In acc

24、orda nee with the law, stre ngthe n the supervisi on of all kindsof smoke exhaust facilities man ageme nt.2. Improve the quality of coal, change the energy structure, the control of air pollution from the source(1) Promote the use of low sulfur, low ash coal.(2) Change the low fuel exhaust facility

25、structure.3. Such as fast adjusti ng in dustrial structure and in dustrial layout,efforts to reduce structural polluti on .Step by step(1) The pollution is serious, difficult companies out of urban areas.(2) Shut dow n and clamp dow n on small ceme nt pla nt, small lime kil n andgravel crush ing poi

26、nt.4. Strengthen the managemenbf old pollution sources and strictlycontrolnew projects(1) To speed up the pace of yellow machi ne power pla nt flue gasdesulfurizati on.(2) For 1-130 ton s/boiler flue gas desulfurizati on dust removal.(3) For 1-130 tons/excess emissions of soot whenmore than 720 pan

27、(furnace) within the furn ace.5. Impleme ntati on of the comprehe nsive improveme nt of the urba nen vir onment, enhance urba n polluti on preve nti on abilityEn vir onmen tal protecti on is not rely on a can do a good job inen vir onmen tal protect ion departme nt, it invo Ives many aspects, n eed

28、toeach departme nt .Mutual cooperati on and support of the whole society.(1) To develop the urba n cen tral heati ng, gas supply.(2) To stre ngthe n urba n gree ning and Ian dscape gree ning(3) To stre ngthe n the man ageme nt of the con structi on site.(4) Gradually cha nge the way of road clea nin

29、g.(5) To ban outdoor barbecue.6. Strengthen automobile exhaust pollution control to control the motor vehicle exhaust pollutio n, Jinan has banned the sale and use of leaded gasoli ne, the legislati on work is un derway.(1) Stren gthe n supervisi on and man ageme nt of city motor vehiclemanu facture

30、rs product ion vehicle, are not up to sta ndard is put outside, not allowed to leave factory.(2) Vehicle in new urba n recomme nd buying vehicles using ems; New carlisting, by monitoring emissions substandard, not licensing; Annualin specti on and check the motor vehicle exhaust emissi on is unq ual

31、ified,the preve ntive maintenan ce, still can't satisfy the, revocati on oflice nses, not allowed to con ti nue on the road.(3) Strict taxi man ageme nt, speed up the upgrad ing taxi. All "the" completed at the end of 2000, the new replaceme nt vehicle must have the fun cti on of the f

32、uel.(4) Limit the development of diesel. In addition to the special industry n eeds, to diesel motor vehicle no Ion ger deal with trad ing bus in ess; Ofexcess emissions exhaust of diesel buses, according to the change "one, two, three stop" the prin ciple of weed ing.(5) The light motorcy

33、cle developme nt, starti ng from January 1 this yearto deal with the light no Ion ger motorcycle tradi ng bus in ess.(6) In strict accorda nee with the releva nt regulati ons of the state system of scrapped vehicles. To achieve scrap con diti on of vehicles, should be resolutely discarded, elim in a

34、ted. Devis ing the light motorcycles scrapas soon as possible, to achieve scrap con diti on to elim in ate, reduce the nu mber of the light motorcycles. Year by year(7) Promote the use of dual fuel automobile. Of operating vehicles (bus, taxi) dual fuel innovation, reform 200 vehicles this year, nex

35、t year, 500, 2001 acres of promoti on.(8) To stre ngthe n the man ageme ntof agriculture and in to the economyfrom vehicle. Since 2001, the agriculture and the monitoring tail gas exceeds bid is allowed before the non-local vehicles in Jinan city.7. To strengthen environmental propaganda education, improve the leading cadres and the gen eral public's en vir onmen tal aware nessTo stre ngthe n the strategy of susta in able developme nt through various cha nn els of publicity, improve the cadres at various levels and the gen eral public's en vir