不定式与动名词

1、 不定式与动名词【基本概念】1. 对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两高考资源网类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如 下。 时态 （按高考要求共九个时态） 谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态） 语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气） 主谓一致动词 动词不定式 非谓语动词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词） 动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。 不定式【基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形

2、式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。成份判断：Task I: 了解句子成分的专有名词：主语：subject 谓语:predicate 宾语：object 状语：adverbial 表语：predicative 定语：attribute 宾补：object complementTask I：写出划线词的句子成分。1 I was watching an English programme at 8 o'clock yesterday. 2. The gam

3、es of 2006 World Cup are exciting.3. I lost my history book.4. He made the room clean and tidy.Task 2: 认真阅读课本P8 To infinitive（1-2）部分。理解不定式在句中所充当的成分。 封上书本完成下面的题目。并在后面写出不定式所充当的句子成分。1. (find) a best friend is hard. = It is hard (find) a best friend. 成分：_2. I need (sleep) eight hours every night. My bik

4、e needs (repair). 成分:_3. I asked him (come) over. I tell her (not be) late. 成分:_4. I have a meeting (attend) 成分:_5. His aim was (cheer) me up. His plan is ( study) hard. 成分:_6. You need to apologize quickly (avoid) losing a good friend.成分:_7. Things seem (get) better now. 8. John pretend ( not see)

5、me just now. 【自我总结】：1. 不定式可以做以下句子成分：_2. 不定式的否定形式是_,例如句_.3. 不定式的进行体是_,例如句_.4. 不定式的完成体是_,例如句_Task 3理解什么是非谓语。说出下面不定式所充当的成分。To work in Changsha is a big challenge to Miss Lv. She needs to relax herself after school. So, she invited her friends to go shopping last weekend. But most of them had something

6、important to do. Whats worse, Lvs baby daughters being sick was to upset her. She had to take care of him in the hospital, worried .But her brave son always sang and danced to delight Lv.总结：英语中句子成分有主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补。 非谓语就是不可以做_, 但可以做_ 不定式做主、宾、宾补、定、表、状的用法。I. the to-infinitive used as the subject 不定式作主语 (

7、 可用it 做形式主语 )。例： To find a true friend is hard. 转换为：It is hard to find a true friend. To talk with your mouth full is impolite.1. 模仿转换：_注意：1）It is easy / hard/ difficult/ important/ necessary /useful/ harmful/ likely/ unlikely/ possible/ impossible/a risk/ (for sb) to do sth2) It is nice/ kind/ poli

8、te/ rude/ wise/ stupid/ silly/ foolish(of sb) to do sth. adj.通常说明一个人的品质。Translation: 2. 对我们来说回答这个问题是很难的_3. 你在背后嘲笑他是不明智的。_3) 不定式作主语, 谓语动词用_ 数 To find a true friend is hard. 4. To see _ to believe. 5. To talk with your mouth full _ impolite.6. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

9、 7. To do as many exercises as possible _ (be) necessary before exam.8. Its a good habit _ (have) breakfast every day.II. the to-infinitive used as the object 不定式作宾语He wishes to sleep at least for 8 hours every day. Sarah determined to make an apology to Hannah.思考：你知道后接不定式作宾语的动词有哪些吗？总结:后接不定式做宾语的动词有：

10、want, intend, desire, 三想要， hope, wish, expect, long ; 四希望，manage, learn, decide, determine;设法学会作决定，attempt, pretend, choose;企图假装要选择，offer，promise， refuse提供承诺勿拒绝。用以上的任意一词造两个句子。不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语it的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.（此类动

11、词有_)The two girls are so alike that strangers find _ difficult to tell one from the other. III. the to-infinitive used as the object complement 不定式作宾语补足语Lets invite the other students to sing together.The wife always asks her husband to do the housework.你知道后接不定式作宾补的动词有哪些吗？总结:后接不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, beg, t

12、ell, teach;要想请求先教会encourage, invite.若要鼓励先邀请advise, persuade;首先建议再说服allow, order, require, force, forbid;五个许可或禁令want, wish, would like to, prefer,expect;六个期待或想要1. 否定形式是：_2. The teacher asked us _ much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make3. I_ him to give up smoking, but he wou

13、ld not listen.A. persuadedB. advisesC. suggested D. Provided4.Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. (2007 江苏) A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with 5. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. (2007 甘肃)A. cook B. coo

14、ks C. to cook D. cookedIV. the to-infinitive used as the attribute 不定式作定语，例句如下：He was the first student to get to school.The school offered me a chance to study abroad.It is time to go to bed.注意： (1) 1.不定式做定语表_。这个将要讨论的问题很重要。 The problem to be discussed is very important.2.他下个星期有很多问题要解决。_3. I have a

15、lot of readings _ before the end of this term. （2010山东） A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed4. （2014北京卷）28. There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. A. solving     B. solved  C. being solved    D.

16、to be solved(2) 被修饰的名词前有序数词、adj的最高级形式、或next/ last/ only/ all/ any等词修饰时+ to do. He is the first to come and the last to leave.5.He is the best man (do) the job. (3) 在ability/ attempt/ dream/ way/ promise/ chance/ time 等名词后+ to do 做后置定语(常与不定式搭配的形容词的同源名词或者是能带不定式作宾语的动词的同源名词可以带不定式作定语） 6.The ability _ (ex

17、press) an idea is as important as the idea itself.7.(2013北京)Volunteering gives you a chance _ (change) lives, including your own.(4)做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的词是不定式的地点或工具等，不定式后需加相应的介词。8.The Brown have a comfortable house to live_?9.I have no pen to write _. Translation:10.她没有钱用，也没有地方住._11.她相信他是那个可以依靠的

18、人。_12冷水江一中是创造奇迹的地方。_V. the to-infinitive used as the predicative 不定式作表语当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, purpose等时，或者当句子主语是what 引导的主语从句时，后面可以用不定式作表语，用以说明主语所包含的内容. I am a responsible teacher.So, my job is to teach you English well.The man felt very tired. And his wish

19、was to have a good rest.Translation：1. 我的计划就是充分利用每一分钟来学习。_2我的梦想就是上重点大学。_VI. the to-infinitive used as adverbial of a sentence to show reason, purpose or result 不定式作句子的目的（purpose）、原因 (reason) 和结果 (result) 状语思考：分别说出下列句子做什么状语：1.He came here to attend an important meeting. (_)2.Sam was very surprised to

20、 hear the news. (_)3.I quickly ran to the office only to find my key was lost. (_)做状语的不定式短语通常有：4. too.to/ enough to 做_ 状语5. in order to/ so as to 做_状语6.only to 做_状语,通常表示_用以上的任意一词组造句。7._8._9. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. （2010辽宁） A. finding B. to find C. find D. to

21、 be found10. Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly. (2011四川) A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep11.（2014湖南卷）35. _ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness. A. Having freed  B. Freed  C. To

22、free  D. FreeingVII. the continuous and perfect forms of the to-infinitive 不定式的进行式和完成式Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me just now.主动形式被动形式一般现在时1.2.完成时3.4.进行时5. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of to do.6.I am sorry. I hurt you yesterday.变为： I am sorr

23、y _ _ _ _ yesterday.7. She is writing her homework. I come in.变为：She happens _ _ _ her homework when I come in.8. It seems that this is a novel that focuses on peace.变为：This novel seems _ _ _ peace.9.George returned after the war, only _(tell) that his wife had left him. 省to的不定式 吾看三室两厅一感觉五看look at s

24、ee watch notice observe三使make let have两听listen to hear一感觉feel1. 在使役动词，感官动词后作补语的不定式一般省略to.接动词原形。 注意：1) see/hear. sb. do sth. 与see/hear.sb. doing sth. 的区别。 I saw him sleeping in class at that time.（表看到某人正在做某事） I saw him sleep in class yesterday.（表看到某人做某事的全过程）Practice:1 那时，我发现她正在街上哭。At that time, I fou

25、nd her _ (cry) in the street.2 你注意到有人进了那个银行了吗？Did you notice anyone _（enter）the house？3 我经常听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。I often hear him _ (sing )in the next room.2) 当"make/ see/hear sb do sth" 变成被动语态时，应加上"to"。The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss. Someone was heard to come up t

26、he stairs. I often make my younger sister _, but this time I was made _by my younger sister. (cry)3）have/ make/ let sb + do sth (动词原形)；而get sb + to do (不定式要带to) Mother have me _(go) to the shop and buy some salt.Mother get me _(go)to the shop and buy some salt.Practice:4 We were told to have our rea

27、ding room _ (clean) after school.5 Paul doesn't have to be made _(learn) . He always works hard. 6 Jane was made _(wash) the truck for a week as a punishment.二. 固定词组would rather, had better and why not后省to接动词原形 我宁愿呆在家里。_ 你最好别迟到。_ 为什么不到海边走走？_三. 当两个并列的不定式用and, or, except, but, than, rather than, a

28、s or like 连接时，第二个不定式通常省略to。We decided to stay at home rather than go to the cinema. (用其他句型改写) I had noting to do but wait. She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side. 宁愿.而不愿.的几个句型：.would do. rather than do. .would rather do. than do.prefer to do.rather than do. .prefer doing.to doing. .p

29、refer sth. to sth注意：a) 少数介词如but, other than 所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。 Eg. We have no choice but to wait. (have no choice but to do sth.)We can do nothing but wait. (can do nothing but do sth.)别无选择只好做某事的几个句型：.have no choice but to do sth. .can do nothing but do sth.cant but do. .cant hel

30、p/choose but do.Fill in the blanks using the correct forms.1.What can we do but_ (sit) and _ (wait)?2. You had better_( not mention) it any more.3.Why not _ ( invite) me to dance with you?4. I wonder how _ ( solve) the problem.4、 不定式中to 的保留问题： 1. I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. 2. -Are yo

31、u on holiday? - No, but Id like to be. 3.-I didnt tell him the news. -Oh, but you ought to have. 动名词 doing1. 动名词起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。 作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。 eg. Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) Saying is easier than doing. 注意：1. 单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数 Collecting stamps is a good hobby.做某事没有用

32、的几个句型：It is no use (good) doing sth. It is not any use/good doing sth. It is useless doing sth. It is of no/little use/good doing sth. 2. It 做形式主语的习惯表答法： Eg. Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收) 在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语： 动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）eg. I think it no use telling them. 仿写: 我们认为邀请他不好。_3. 动名词与不定

33、式做主语的区别： Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火，doing表一般或抽象的多次性行为） To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作，to do表示具体的或一次性的动作） 动名词与不定式做宾语的区别也一样。 Eg. I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句为主系表结构) 可改为：Collecting stamps is h

34、is hobby.He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为主谓宾结构) 不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.作宾语l 下列及物动词只能用动名词作宾语 V + doing考虑建议盼原谅， consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; 承认推迟没得想。 admit, delay/ put off, fancy; 避免错过继续练， avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; 背诵此口诀！否认完成就欣赏。 deny, f

35、inish, enjoy/appreciate;禁止想象才冒险， forbid, imagine, risk;不禁介意准逃亡。 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostl 动名词作介词的宾语： be used to doing 习惯于做 look forward to doing 盼望做l

36、ead to 导致 devote ones life to doing 致力于做 object to doing 反对做 stick to doing 坚持做 get down to 着手做 pay attention to 注意key to , 的答案/关键/重点 spend time (in) doing 花时间做 be fond of doing 喜爱做 be good at doing 擅长做 be proud of doing 为做而自豪 be tired of doing 对做感到厌倦 succeed/be successful in doing 成功地做了 be interest

37、ed in doing 对做感兴趣have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难 go on doing 继续做(原来的事) keep on doing 不停地做 what about doing 做怎么样think of doing 考虑做 be busy (in) doing 忙于做instead of doing 做而不做 feel like doing 欲想做 insist on doing 坚持要做 The day we had looked forward to _ at last. A. come B.coming C.came D.

38、came下列动词后接to do 或doing 做宾语区别不大:continue, begin,start, love, like, dislike, hate 等下列动词后接to do 或doing 区别很大：forget to do sth. _ forget doing sth._remember to do sth. _ remember doing sth._regret to do sth. _ regret doing sth._stop to do sth. _stop doing sth._go on to do sth. _ go on doing sth._try to do sth. _ try doing sth._mean to do sth. _mean doing sth._cant help to do sth. _cant help doing sth._动名词做宾语要注意：1）在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smok