直接引语和间接引语

1、引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。1.直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。例如：She said, "I am very happy to help you."She said that she was very happy to help you.2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whethe

2、r或if 引导。例如：He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接

3、引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：The captain ordered, "Be quiet."The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意

4、：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."My teacher asked me not to laugh.5. 一些注意事项(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：They told their son,"The earth goes round the sun."They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引语变间接引语时， 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化

5、。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, "I haven't seen her today."He said that he hadn't seen her that day.注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如： He

6、 asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"Tom asked Ann what she wanted.直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即。如：一般现在时变为一般过去时，一般将来时变为过去将来时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，现在完成时变为过去完成时，一般过去时也变为过去完成时，等等(若直接引语为过去完成时，变为间接引语可以不变)。另外，若直接引语中有情态动词

7、can, may等，也应变成过去式could, might等(情态动词must可以变为had to，也可不变，should, ought to, had better 等可以不变)。如： “I want to stay here.” he said. 他说。如：“我想留在这儿。” He said that he wanted to stay there. 他说他想留在那儿。 She said, “Its raining very hard.” 他说。如：“雨下得很大。” He said that it was raining very hard. 他说雨下得很大。 Jim said, “I c

8、an speak Chinese.” 吉姆说。如：“我会讲汉语。” Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆说他会讲汉语 注意: (1) 若直接引语为客观真理，则变为间接引语时时态不变。如： He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他说。如：“太阳从东方升起。” He said that the sun rises in the east. 他说太阳从东方升起。 (2) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时时态也可不变。如： He said, “ was born in 1988.” 说。如：“我是19

9、88年生的。” He said that he was born in 1988. 他说他是1988年生的。一祈使句方法是：使用ask tell, order sb to do sth这一结构进行转换，若祈使句为否定式，则用ask tell, order sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的选择视句子的语气而定。如：“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他说。如：“吉姆，明天早点来。”He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。“Dont be late again

10、, Mary.” he said. 他说。如：“玛丽，不要再迟到了。”He told Mary not to be late again. 他叫玛丽不要再迟到了。注意：(1)除动词ask, tell, order外，有时也可能用其他动词。如：“Dont go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他说。如：“吉姆，晚上别出去。”He warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。(2)若祈使句中没有呼语，应根据句意给动词ask, tell, order等补上适当的宾语。如：“Watch carefully.” he said.

11、 他说。如：“仔细看着。”He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我们仔细看着。二 陈述句将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略)。如：“I dont love her.” he says. 他说。如：“我不爱她。”He says that he doesnt love her. 他说他不爱她。注意：(1)若引述动词用的是say to sb，则通常改为tell sb。如：“Its a secret.” he said to me. 他对我说。如：“这是秘密。”He told me that it was a secret. 他对我说那

12、是秘密。(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注重在第二个宾语从句前加连词that。如：He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他说。如：“我喜欢唱歌，我想当歌手。”He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他说他喜欢唱歌，想当歌手。在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。三 疑问句一、一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语方法是：将直接引语变为由if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。如：“Are you ill?” he asked. 他问。如：“你病了吗？”He asked if whether I was ill. 他问我是否病了。注意：(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2)若直接引语引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。