现在分词的构成

1、1）现在分词的构成规则：（前提只有动词才有现在分词）1 一般情况下直接加 ing think-thinkingsleep-sleepingstudy-studyingspeak-speaking say-sayingcarry-carrying2以不发音的字母e结尾的单词，去掉字母e,再加ingwake-wakingmake-making come-coming take-taking leave-leavinghave-having3 以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 ingstop-stoppingsit-sittingrun-runningfor

2、get-forgettingbegin-beginning4 以 ie 结尾的动词，把ie 改为 y ，再加 ingdie-dyinglie-lying5 以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 ing 。初中学过的这类词有： bigin ， cut, get, hit,run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid,等。travel 虽然重读第一音节，词尾音节不重读，但是现在分词仍要双写末尾辅音字母，然后再加 ing ，如：travel-trave

3、lling. 初中阶段此类词只有这一个。2）构成规则：构成：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done)1 规则动词： 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去 式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed ” 。 (然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式)work-worked-worked,visit-visited-visited(2)、 以“ e ” 结尾的动词， 只在词尾加“ d ” 。live-lived(3)、 以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词， 将 "y" 变为 "i" ， 再加 “ ed ” 。study

4、-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried,(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ” 。stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped2 、不规则动词，见不规则表一、当过去分词作为表语The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday

5、. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。 (是被动语态，表示动作 )(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。 (过去分词作表语)过去分词表示被动或完成， V-ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些 动词如 interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物 .。(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。二、当过去分词作为定语作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词 .及物动

6、词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。1 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们 必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。2 过去分词短语用作定语时， 一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。The concert given by their friends was a successf&们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。3过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。The

7、meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。4 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物， 这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人， 但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。三、当过去分词作为状语1 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。（1） Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!

8、因为写得匆忙， 这篇文章不是很好。【注意】 written 为过去分词作状语， 表示这篇文章是被写的， 而 且已经被写 . 值得注意的是， 有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动 .这样的过去分词及短语常见的有： lost （迷路 ）; seated （坐）; hidden （躲）; stationed （驻扎 ）; lost / absorbed in （沉溺于 ）; born （出身于 ）; dressed in （穿着）; tired of （厌烦 ）。（2） Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the s

9、ound. 因 为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。2 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致；（1） Given another hour,I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题 .（given 为过去分词作状语，它的逻辑主语为主句主语I,即I被再给一个小时。）（2）_ Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。 （seen 为过去分词作状语，表"被看", 由语境可知，它

10、的逻辑主语必须是城市，而不是"我们 ", 因为 "我们"应主动看城市。 ）【注意】如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语， 这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。(1) The signal given,the bus started. 信号一发出， 汽车就开动了。(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语。(2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。 (her head 是 hel

11、d high 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语she就不再是 held high 的逻辑主语。 )3 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句 .(1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨， 所以他全身湿透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语，它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)(2)_Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 ( grown in rich

12、 soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成 "连词 +过去分词"结构作状语。When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。4 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开； 也可放在主句后面， 前面有逗号与主句隔开。He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved

13、 to tears,he stoodthere silently. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。四、当过去分词作为宾语补足语(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类：1 表示感觉或心理状态的动词 .如： see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think 等。(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。 (过去分词 sung 的动作显然先于谓语动作 heard;)(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家

14、乡变化很大。(过去分词changed 的动作显然先于谓语动作 found)2.表示"致使"意义的动词.如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。3 表示思维活动的动词如 consider ， know ， think 等后。如：(1) I consider the ma

15、tter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自 己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。4 表示爱憎意愿的动词如 want ， wish ， like ， hate 等后。如：(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。(2) He didn t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。【注意】 过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。(二)使役动词have 接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。1 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。H

16、e had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)2 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历 .如： He had his legbroken.他的腿断了。(自己的经历)3)with +宾语 +过去分词"的结构：此结构中，过去分词用作介词with 的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语。(1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind hisback. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式)(2) With water heated,we can see th

17、e steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件)(3) With the matter settled,we all went home. 事情得到解决， 我们都回家了。(表原因)(4)_She stood in front of him,with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。过去分词不规则变化表4)过去分词不规则变化表:1、 A A A 型， 即原形、 过去式和过去分词三者都相同。 （共7

18、个）cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put read read read2、 A B B 型，即过去式、过去分词相同。 （共 41 个）1过去式和过去分词都含有-ought。 （ 4 个）bring brought brought buy bought bought think thought thought fight-fought-fought2词尾有-ild ， -end 时，只需把d 变为t。 （4个）build built built lend lent lent se

19、ndsentsent spendspent spent3过去式、过去分词都含有-aught 。 （ 2 个）catch caught caught teach taught taught4 把 -eep、 -eel 变为 -ept 、 -elt 。 （ 4 个）keep kept kept sleep slept slept sweep swept swept5 把 -ell 变为 -old 。 （ 2 个）tell told told sell sold sold6 .把-ell、-ill 变为-elt 或-ilt。（4个）smell smelt smelt spell spelt spel

20、t feel felt felt spill spilt spilt7.把-eed、-ead、-eet 变为-ed 或-et。（4 个）feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met7 过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t 。 （ 3 个）learn learnt learnt mean meant meant spoil spoilt spoilt8 .过去式、过去分词词尾去 y变-id （4个）say said said pay paid paid lay laid laid hear heard heard9 改变元音字母。 （

21、11 个）meet met met get got got sit sat sat find foundfound hold held held spit spat spat shine shone shone win won won hang hung hung digdug duglose lost lost10改变辅音字母。（ 1 个）make made made11 改变元、辅音字母。 （4 个）leave left left stand stood stood have（ has） had hadunderstand understood understood三、A BC型，即原形、

22、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共37 个）1 i a u 变化。 （7个）begin began begun drink drank drunk singsang sungring rang rung swim swam swum sinksank sunkspring-sprang-sprung2.词尾为-ow, -aw时，过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加 n。 （ 5 个）blow blew blown draw drew drawn grow grewgrown know knew known throw threw thrown （show 除外）3.词尾为“i+辅（1个）+e

23、”，过去式将i变为o,过去分词多在原形 后加n,若那个辅音字母为d或t,须双写d或t后加n0（4个）（give, hide 除外）drive drove driven write wrote written ride rode ridden rise rose risen4过去分词在过去式后加n 。 （ 1 个）wake wokewoken5 过去分词由过去式加-ten 构成。 （ 2 个）get-got-gotten forget forgot forgotten6过去分词由原形加（e） n 构成。 （ 6 个）be was（were）been eat ate eaten fall fell

24、 fallen givegave given see saw seen hide hid hidden （hid）7.词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后 加 -n。 （ 2 个）take took taken mistake mistook mistaken8原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（ 6 个）do did done fly flew flown go went gone lie laylain show showed shown wear wore worn9 .词尾为-eak时，过去式将其变为-oke,过去分词在原形词后加 -n。 （ 2 个）break

25、broke broken speak spoke spoken10 .词中间为“ oo+辅（1个）+e”或“ee+辅（1个）+e”，过 去式将oo、ee变为o,过去分词在原形词后加-n。（2个）choose chose chosen freeze froze frozen四、 A A B 型，即过去式和原形相同。 （ 1 个）beat beat beaten五、A BA型，即过去分词和原形相同。（3个）1 .词中间为“o+辅（1个）+e”时，过去式将o变为a。（2个）come came come become became become2 .u a u 变化。 （ 1 个）runran run

26、六、情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。 （ 4 个）can could may might will would shall should动词原形 过去式 过去分词 动词原形 过去式 过去分词arise arose arisenbe was/were beenbeat beat beatenawake awoke/awaked awokenbear bore borne（携带）/born（出生）become became becomebegin began begunbefall befell befallenbend bent bentbet bet betbind bound b

27、oundbite bit bitten/bitbleed bled bledblend blended blentbless blessed blest blow blew blown break broke brokenbreed bred bredbring brought brought broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted build built builtburn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast

28、 catch caught caught choose chose chosen cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cling clung clung clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut dare dared/durst dared deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt

29、/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecas

30、ted forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got gotten gild gilded/gilt gilded gird girded/girt girded/girt give gave given go went gone grave graved graven/graved grind ground groundgrow grew grownhang hung/hanged hung/hangedhavehad hadhear

31、 heard heardheave heaved/hove hesved/hovehide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lade laded laden lay laid laid lead led led lean lesnt/leaned lesnt/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left

32、 left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meantmeet met met melt melted meited/molten mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstoodoutgrow outgrew outgrown overcome overcame overcome oversee oversaw overs

33、een pay paid paid prove proved proved/proven put put put quit quitted/quit quitted/quit read read read rend rent rent ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven/rived run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear sheared sheared/shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown/sh