高考英语语法教学摘要及练习第2章英语动词的分类

1、 第第2章章 英语动词的分类英语动词的分类编制人：何新武英语动词的名称很多：有谓语动词和非谓语动词，助动词和主动词，及物动词和不及物动词，动作动词和状态动词，规则动词和不规则动词，连系动词，情态动词，短语动词，等等。听着这一大堆名称，我们就觉得头昏脑胀。其实，如果我们知道它们分类的依据，正确地理解这些概念，并没有我们想的那么难。2.1 谓语动词和非谓语动词谓语动词和非谓语动词依据是否充当谓语动词，一个句子中的动词可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。在第1章1.3中，我们知道谓语动词谓语动词一定具备两个特征：一有主语有主语，并与主语在人称和数上保持一致并与主语在人称和数上保持一致；二有时态和有时态和语

2、态语态的形式。它是一个句子和一个从句必不可少的部分。例如：He knows me，John came yesterday afternoon.例如：He is a businessman knowing many politicians他是一个认识很多政客的商人。knowing用作动词带宾语many politicians，同时又起形容词作用，修饰 businessman这个名词。又如：He wants to go to the market. 他想去市场。to go是动词，带状语to the market，又起名词作用，作及物动词wants的宾语。再如：Coming up to her，he

3、 bowed politely.他来到她跟前，礼貌地鞠躬。coming起副词的作用，修饰动词 bowed。非谓语动词非谓语动词（即不定式、-ing形式和过去分词），不仅用作动词，还起形容词、副词或名词的作用，它无需与主语一致，也不是一个句子或从句必不可少的。另外，一个句子或分句一般只需一个谓语动词（除非有由连词连接的更多个谓语动词）。如：He got up, brushed teeth and washed his hands and face. 而非谓语动词可以不要，也可以有许多。如在He asked me to teach him how to operate the new mobile

4、phone bought yesterday.中有一个谓语动词，三个非谓语动词。又如在 He denies having asked her to run away from her family.中有一个谓语动词和两个非谓语动词。 现在时现在时过去时过去时将来时将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成完成have/has askedhad asked

5、shall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行完成进行 have/has been askinghad been asking shall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking我们平时讲动词的时态实际上就是指谓语动词的时态动词的时态实际上就是指谓语动词的时态。换言之，某动词的一种时态就是它的一种谓语动词的形式。以ask为例，其16种时态的构成形式，也就是其16种谓语动词的形式。列表如下： 练习练习1 根据以上表格完成16种时态的名称：英语英语16种时态的名称种时态的名称一般现在时过

6、去将来时现在进行时将来进行时过去完成时过 去 将 来完 成 时过去完成进 行 时将 来 完 成 进 行 时一般过去时一般将来时过去进行时过 去 将 来进 行 时现在完成时将来完成时现在完成进 行 时过 去 将 来完成进行时【注注】 主动词包括连系动词和实义动词。实义动词又分主动词包括连系动词和实义动词。实义动词又分及物动词和不及物动词及物动词和不及物动词。 情态动词也是助动词情态动词也是助动词，因它的特殊性，我们以后讨论。这里着重讨论5个基本助动词个基本助动词：be, have, do,will,shall.在16种时态中，一般现在时和一般过去时这两种时态的一般现在时和一般过去时这两种时态的谓

7、语动词在肯定句中，没有助动词，只有主动词；其它时谓语动词在肯定句中，没有助动词，只有主动词；其它时态都有态都有一到三个一到三个助动词。助动词。2.2 助动词和主动词助动词和主动词 谓语动词可以是一个词，如：She is an artist. He saw meJohn spoke Spanish也可以由几个词构成，通常有一个主要动词（简称主动词主动词）和一到三个起辅助作用的动词（简称助动词助动词）。如：He will come （1个助动词+主动词come）He may be killed （2个助动词+主动词killed）Wang must have been cheated （3个助动词+

8、主动词cheated）1. I will have the soup. （ ）2. Police are investigating the incident. （ ）3. It is very peaceful here. （ ）4. Where does your brother work? （ ）5. They have decided to advertise your job. （ ）6. He does his homework on the way to school. （ ）7. She had had her supper when I called her. （ ） 练习练

9、习2 判断下列划线的动词是主动词（判断下列划线的动词是主动词（用M表示）还是助）还是助动词（动词（用A表示）：）：MMMMAAA2.3 助动词的作用助动词的作用 这里讲它的四个主要作用: 即帮助帮助构成时态、否定、疑问和被动语态构成时态、否定、疑问和被动语态。1) 1)帮助构成时态帮助构成时态a. a.助动词助动词be + asking(be + asking(现在分词现在分词) )构成进行时：构成进行时：be动词的现在式am/is/are + asking am/is/are + asking 现在进行时现在进行时be动词的过去式was/were + asking was/were + as

10、king 过去进行过去进行b. b.助动词助动词have + asked (have + asked (过去分词过去分词) )构成完成时：构成完成时：have 的现在式 have/has + asked have/has + asked 现在完成时现在完成时have 的过去式 had + asked had + asked 过去完成时过去完成时 c. c.助动词助动词shall/will + ask (shall/will + ask (动词原形动词原形) )构成将来时：构成将来时： 现在式shall/will + ask shall/will + ask (动词原形) 一般将来时一般将来时

11、过去式 should/would + ask should/would + ask (动词原形) 过去将来时过去将来时d. d.其他时态可依照上面自己推出，并要求记住时态表格。其他时态可依照上面自己推出，并要求记住时态表格。点击此处复习时态点击此处复习时态 有助动词时，在第一个助动词的后面加有助动词时，在第一个助动词的后面加not,其它动词不变。 一般现在时和一般过去时行为动词的主动语态一般现在时和一般过去时行为动词的主动语态的肯定句没有助动词，我们可以分别在它们的主谓之间加主谓之间加do not/does not 和和did not，再把主动词改为动词原形，再把主动词改为动词原形。注：注：如

12、果这两种时态有be动词的一种形式，如: He is a clever boy. She was a nice girl. 在其be动词后加not即可。 2)帮助构成否定帮助构成否定 对谓语动词进行否定，可采用下列方式：1.I watch TV. 2.We have been playing football. 3.It is boring. 4.She cleans her room. 5.Sandy has taken nice photos today. 6.He buys a new CD. 7.She has a cat. 8.They collected postcards. 练习练

13、习3将下列句子变成否定句:I do not watch TV.We have not been playing football. It is not boring.She does not clean her room.Sandy has not taken nice photos today.They did not collect postcards.He does not buy a new CD.She does not have a cat. or She has not (got) a cat.9.They were jumping high. 10.Albert had lef

14、t two days before. Albert had not left two days before. 11.The teacher tested our English. The teacher did not test our English.12.Fiona will visit her grandma. Fiona will not visit her grandma. 13.You were thirsty. 14.He had a computer. 15.I bought bread. 16.You saw the house. You were not thirsty.

15、They were not jumping high.He did not have a computer.I did not buy bread.You did not see the house.3)帮助构成疑问帮助构成疑问 这里只讲四种情况。 变一般疑问句，把第一个助动词提到主语前面变一般疑问句，把第一个助动词提到主语前面,且注 意字母大小写和标点的变化。 一般现在时和一般过去时主动语态一般现在时和一般过去时主动语态的肯定句没有助 动词，我们可以分别在它们的主语主语前加前加do /does 和和 did，再把主动词改为动词原形，再把主动词改为动词原形，同样注意字母大小 写和标点的变化。

16、变特殊疑问句变特殊疑问句，一 般是疑问词（疑问词（及所修饰的部分） + 一般疑问句一般疑问句 （- 疑问词所替代的部分）。 就主语部分提问，用疑问词代替主语部分，其他部分就主语部分提问，用疑问词代替主语部分，其他部分 不变，不变，同样注意字母大小写和标点的变化。 练习4 陈述句变一般疑问句1. His father is an English teacher. _ ?2. These cats are crying. _ ?3. They can swim. _ ?4. I like to read English. _ ?5. I go to school on foot. _ ?6. He

17、 likes English. _ ?7. His father goes to work by bus. _ ?8. He is crying under the tree. _ ?1. His father is an English teacher. Is his father an English teacher?2. These cats are crying. Are these cats crying?3. They can swim. Can they swim ?4. I like to read English. Do you like to read English?5.

18、 I go to school on foot. Do you go to school on foot?6. He likes English. Does he like English ?7. His father goes to work by bus. Does his father go to work by bus?8. He is crying under the tree. Is he crying under the tree?13. He goes to school every day. _ ?14. I want to have a model car . _ ?15.

19、 She wants a cup（杯） of coffee. _ ?16. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night._ ?17. I do my homework after school. _ ?18. Everybody is in the classroom. _ ?19. The boy does some housework at home. _ ?20. The children had a good time in the park. _ ?13. He goes to school every day. Does he go to school

20、every day ?14. I want to have a model car . Do you want to have a model car ?15. She wants a cup（杯） of coffee. Does she want a cup of coffee?16. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night. Do Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night?17. I do my homework after school. Do you do your homework after school ?18. Ev

21、erybody is in the classroom. Is everybody in the classroom?19. The boy does some housework at home. Does the boy do any housework at home ?20. The children had a good time in the park. Did the children have a good time in the park?1.Julia likes pop-music. - What does Julia like? 2.Maria comes from S

22、pain. - Where does Maria come from? 3.They are playing in the garden. - Where are they playing? 4.Rick rode his bike to school. - Who rode his bike to school? 5.I go to the cinema on Saturdays. - When do you go to the cinema? 练习练习5 就划线部分提问（注意选择正确的疑问词）:6.They have gone to Mallorca because it is warm

23、there. - Why have they gone to Mallorca? 7.Joe repairs his sisters bike. - Whose bike does Joe repair? 8.Robin has been driving his car carefully. - How has Robin been driving his car?9.Peter ran with his dog every day. - When did Peter run with his dog? 10.Eric goes to Italy for a holiday. - What d

24、oes Eric do? 4)帮助构成被动语态帮助构成被动语态 首先，我们应该清楚，在前面2.12.1表格中表格中所列的16种时态，都是主动语态。 而每一种时态理论上都有它对应的被动语态形式。 被动语态的构成是：be + （及物动词的）过去分词过去分词 。这里be动词是助动词，没有词义，但它要表示出时态的形式。 换句话说，我们先以be动词当“主动词”，写出它的各种时态，后面再加某动词的过去分词，就是某动词各种时态的被动语态。 下面仍以ask为例。A .先以先以be动词当动词当“主动词主动词”，写出它的各种时态，写出它的各种时态 现在时现在时过去时过去时将来时将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般一般

25、am / is /are was/were shall/will beshould/would be进行进行 am/is/are beingwas/were beingshall/will be beingshould/would be being完成完成 have/has beenhad beenshall/will have beenshould/would have been完成完成进行进行have/has been beinghad been beingshall/will have been beingshould/would have been beingBe动词为动词为“主动词主

26、动词”的的16种时态形式种时态形式 现在时现在时过去时过去时将来时将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般一般 am / is /are askedwas/were askedshall/will be askedshould/would be asked进行进行 am/is/are being askedwas/were being askedshall/will be being askedshould/would be being asked完成完成 have/has been askedhad been askedshall/will have been askedshould/would ha

27、ve been asked完成完成进行进行have/has been being askedhad been being askedshall/will have been being askedshould/would have been being askedB.B.再在后面加上再在后面加上askask的过去分词的过去分词askedasked。常用被动语态常用被动语态 构构 成成常用被动语态常用被动语态构构 成成一般现在时一般现在时am/is/are asked过去进行时过去进行时was/were being asked一般过去时一般过去时was/were asked现在完成时现在完成时h

28、ave/has been asked一般将来时一般将来时shall/will be asked过去完成时过去完成时had been asked过去将来时过去将来时should/would be asked将来完成时将来完成时shall / will have been asked现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are being asked含有情态动词的含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked C C.去掉那些不用和很少用的时态的语态，再加上带情 态动词的被动语态，就是下面10种常用的被动语态的形式种常用的被动语态的形式动词动词原形原形不定式不定式现在现在式式(第三人称单数第

29、三人称单数)-ing-ing分词分词过去式过去式-ed-ed分词分词bebeto beto beam/is/aream/is/arebeingbeingwas/werewas/were beenbeen不不规规则则动动词词dodoto doto dodo(does)do(does)doingdoingdiddiddonedonehavehaveto haveto have have(has)have(has)havinghavinghadhadhadhadworkworktoto work work work(workwork(works s) )workworkinging workwork

30、ededworkworkeded规规则则动动词词skatskate e toskatetoskate stustudydy totos studytudyplplayay to playto play stostop p to stopto stopwawashsh to washto wash 2.4 英语主动词有六种基本形式英语主动词有六种基本形式。 列表如下：列表如下： (请同学们自己填上所缺的词，并说请同学们自己填上所缺的词，并说明明理由理由)skate(skateskate(skates s) )skatskatingingskateskated dwashwashededskate

31、skated dstudy(studstudy(studiesies) ) studystudyining gstudstudiediedstudstudiediedplay(playplay(plays s) )playplayingingplayplayededplayplayededstop(stopstop(stops s) )stopstoppingping stopstoppedpedstopstoppedpedwash(washwash(washeses) )washwashingingwashwasheded说明：1.动词原形也被称为不带to的不定式。这样主动词就只5种基本形式

32、。2.现在式用于一般现在时，有动词原形和第三人称单数两种形式。 且主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词才用第三人称单数形式；其 它情况用原形。3.过去式只用于一般过去时。注意不要和过去分词混淆。4.-ing分词包括现在分词现在分词和动名词动名词两个概念，尽管用法不同，但形式 一样。这样还可减少不必要的区分。5. -ed分词也称过去分词。如果动词按规则在词尾加-ed能构成形式 相同的过去式和过去分词，这样的动词被称为规则动词规则动词。否则， 是不规则动词不规则动词。上表中的be,do,have 是不规则动词，英语中只200 多个不规则动词，其中137个我们须牢记（另见不规则动词分类记 忆表）。2.5

33、短语动词和动词短语短语动词和动词短语 前面我们讲述的动词都是一个单词的，但我们经常见到一个动词 和一个副词或介词，构成一个短语，凝为一体，表达一个新的意义。我们称之为短语动词短语动词。 它有三种类型：三种类型：1动词动词+副词副词 相当于及物动词和不及物动词相当于及物动词和不及物动词2动词动词+介词介词 相当于一个及物动词相当于一个及物动词3动词动词+副词副词+介词介词 相当于一个及物动词相当于一个及物动词1动词动词+副词副词 1）相当于及物动词）相当于及物动词。例： He brought up his children strictly他严格地教育他的孩子们。He brought his c

34、hildren / them up strictly. (bring up = educate)注意宾语的位置：注意宾语的位置：宾语如是名词宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面则可置于副词后面或动词和副词之间动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词宾语是代词，只能只能置于动词和副词之间置于动词和副词之间。 2）相当于不及物动词）相当于不及物动词。例： Something unexpected has turned up 出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear） 3）既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词）既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。例： The barrel of gunpowder blew u

35、p（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。 The soldiers blew up the bridge（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。 2动词动词+介词介词 动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词相当于一个及物动词，宾语总在介词后面宾语总在介词后面，例： I dont much care for television我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like） 3动词动词+副词副词+介词介词 在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后，例： We must work hard to make

36、up for lost time我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for compensate） 固定搭配固定搭配 除上面的短语动词外，还有其它一些固定搭配固定搭配。如： 动词动词+名词名词make sense 讲得通； lose weight 减肥； take place 发生 动词动词+名词名词+介词介词make friends with 与与交朋友；交朋友；take advantage of 利用；利用；take pride in 以为自豪 动词动词+宾语宾语+介词介词+名词名词bringto an end 使结束； learn by heart 背熟；seton fi

37、re 点火烧 动词动词+介词介词+名词名词burst into tears 突然大哭起来；come into effect 生效；keep in touch 保持联系实际上，人们习惯于把三类短语动词和动词其它一些固定搭配固定搭配，笼统地称为动词短语动词短语。而广义的动词短语可指动词为核心词的所有短语。动词短语和不规则动词一样，都需要平时积累。动词短语和不规则动词一样，都需要平时积累。练习练习6 完成下列句子完成下列句子:1.Put your shoes - its too cold to walk around barefoot. 2.You must get now or you will

38、be late for school. 3.Sit , please. Ill be with you in a minute. 4.Could you write this word for me, please? 5.Dont give singing. You are very talented. 6.Where is the fitting room（试衣间）? Id like to try these trousers. 7.Have you tidied the kitchen yet? 8.My little sister woke me in the middle of the

39、 night. 9.Dont put the vase（花瓶） there, it will fall . 10.Adam switched his torch（火把，火炬；手电筒）, so we could find our way home in the dark.11.I dont know where my book is. I must look it. 12.Fill the form, please. on up down down up on up up down on for in 13.The music is too loud. Could you turn the vo

40、lume, please? 14.Quick, get the bus or youll have to walk home. 15.Turn the lights when you go to bed. 16.The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it . 17.When you enter the house, take your shoes and put some slippers . 18.If you dont know this word, you can look it in a dictionary.19.I often use Wiki

41、pedia vikipidi:（维基百科全书）to up information. 20.If you want to get a bus in London, you will have to queue. 21.Can I on the TV? I want to watch the weather forecast. 22.It is very hard to up smoking. 23.Shall I up and offer my seat to the old lady? 24.With a few buckets of water, we out the fire. 25.Wh

42、o will after your cat when youre on holiday? 26.At the next stop we have to off the bus and walk along the street to the cinema. downonoffawayoffonuplookonturngivestandputlookget2.6 状态动词和动作动词状态动词和动作动词 以上几节动词的分类都是着眼于动词的句法作用或词形。现在我们回答一个问题：什么是动词？什么是动词？ 看例句： He runs in the morning. (run是动词，让人想到一个跑的动作。)

43、He is a student. He likes English. （is 和like 也是动词，但不能使人想到某个动作。它们表示状态。) 因此，我们一定要清楚，动词除表动作外，还表状态。 根据词义，动词可分为状态动词和动作动词根据词义，动词可分为状态动词和动作动词。 动词是表示动作动作或状态状态的词。2.61.状态动词状态动词 状态动词是表示相对静止状态表示相对静止状态的动词，也称作为静态动词静态动词。 状态动词通常不能用于进行时态通常不能用于进行时态，只能用于非进行时态。1 1）动词）动词bebe（是）和（是）和havehave（有）（有） 例如： He is tall他个子高。 （不可

44、以说：* He is being tall） He has a nice house他有一幢漂亮的房子。（不可以说：* He is having a nice house）状态动词又可分为四类：状态动词又可分为四类：2 2）类似状态动词）类似状态动词bebe和和havehave意义的动词意义的动词。例如： That belongs to me那是我的。 （不能说：*That is belonging to me） It doesnt matter to me这对我无关紧要。 （不能说：*It isnt mattering to me） 常见的有：belong to = be the prope

45、rty of（属于） matter = be of importance（要紧） own = have（有） concern = have relation to（与有关系） contain = have（包含有） cost = be equal in value to （价值为） depend on = be dependent on（依靠） differ from = be different from（不同于） resemble = be like （相像）3) 3) 表示五官感觉的动词表示五官感觉的动词 如 hear， see， feel， taste，smell等。 She does

46、nt hear very well她听觉不太好。（不能说：* She isnt hearing very well） Do you see that tree？你看到那棵树吗？ （不能说：*Are you seeing that tree？） 4 4）表示心理或情感状态的动词）表示心理或情感状态的动词如 believe，consider （=believe），expect（=suppose），feel （=think），find（=consider），forget，hate，hope， imagine，know，like，love，mean，mind （=object），notice，pref

47、er， regret，remember， suggest，suppose，think，understand，want，wish等。I dont believe it这我不信。 （不能说：* Im not believing it） I know hes clever我知道他聪明。 (不能说：*Im knowing hes clever) He is kind He is being kind上述第一句是一般现在时，is是连系动词，和表语一起表示某人的性格特征，含义是“他秉性善良”。第二句是现在进行时，is being kind只指眼下一时的情况，含义是“他正在友善地对待某人”。 Go away

48、We are busyWe have a lot of work to do Wait for meI am still having my breakfast 在上述第一例中，have作“有”解，是静态动词，用的一般现在时。意思：走开。我们正忙。我们有许多事情要做。 在第二例中，have作“吃”解，是动态动词,am having是现在进行时。意思：等等我。我还在吃早饭呢。 比较下列几组句子比较下列几组句子 The soup tastes good这汤味道不错。（不能说：* The soup is tasting good） The pot feels hot这壶摸着是热的。（不能说：* Th

49、e pot is feeling hot） Roses smell sweet玫瑰花闻起来是香的。（不能说：* Roses are smelling sweet）当feel，smell，taste用主动形式表示被动意义时是静态动词，也是连系动词，它们和表语一起表示主语的特征。通常都不可用于进行时态。如果这些动词用于主动意义便是动态动词，从而可用于进行时态。例如： He is tasting the soup 他在品尝这汤。 He is feeling the pot 他在用手摸壶。 He is smelling the roses.他在闻/嗅玫瑰花。 综上所述，我们可以说所有上述四类综上所述，

50、我们可以说所有上述四类状态状态动词动词：1）动词）动词be（是）和（是）和have（有）（有）2）类似状态动词）类似状态动词be和和have的意义的动词的意义的动词3）表示五官感觉的动词）表示五官感觉的动词4）表示心理或情感状态的动词）表示心理或情感状态的动词通常都用于非进行时态非进行时态，若用于进行时态，应该说已由静态动词转化为动态动词。 2.62 动作动词动作动词动作动词是表示运动状态表示运动状态的动词，也称之为动态动词动态动词。根据词汇意义又可分为三类：1)1)表示持续动作的动词表示持续动作的动词 （也叫延续动词）（也叫延续动词）如 eat， listen， read， run， walk，work，write等。这类动词既可用于进行时态和非进行时态可用于进行时态和非进行时态，但意义略有不同。例例 句句说