五种基本句型及其扩展

1、五种根本句型及其扩展共9页本文是魔方英语语法系列文章之二,节选自高伟?魔方英语语法?第一章第五节.五种根本句型及其扩展.本节目录和摘要：厂.五种根本句型概述.二.主系表SVC./三.主谓和主谓宾SV和SVO四.主谓双宾SVOO '五.主谓复宾SVOC 六.根本句型的扩展.学习本节,主要任务是能够区别五种根本句型.根本句型的扩展,应该结合后续章节逐渐掌握.一.五种根本句型概述学习根本句型的关键是抓住动词：五种根本句型的不同源于动词的不同,反过来说,五种也词可以扩展为相应的根本句型.下边的1和2分别讲解这两句话.1 .根据动词后所跟不同成分,分为五种动词.1根据能否加形容词,把动词分为系动

2、词和实义动词.系动词能加形容词,构成第一种根本句型：主语+系动词+表语.实义动词不能加形容词,实义动词与其所加成分构成第二/三/四/五种根本句型.2根据能否加宾语,把实义动词分为及物动词 vt.和不及物动词vi.不及物动 词vi.,不能加宾语,构成第二种根本句型.及物动词 vt.,能加宾语,又细分为三种：如 果加单宾语,那么构成第三种根本句型：主语 +谓语+宾语；如果加双宾语,那么构成第四种根本句 型：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；如果加复合宾语,那么构成第五种根本句型：主语 +谓语+宾 语+宾语补足语.以上内容,也可以表示为以下图：系动词如,I am fine.可加形容词动词L实义动词不可

3、加形容词不及物动词vi.如,It hurts.不加宾语r及物动词如,及物动词vt.Y 双及物动词汪如,加宾语复合及物动词注如,I like music.)I bring him a present.)I make him happy.)注：1.双及物动词即 跟双宾语的及物动词,复合及物动词即 跟复合宾语的及物动词根本句型主语动词短语主语动词表语/宾语等一Iamfine.2.关于动词分类的更多内容,可参看第五章第一节.二Ithurts.一2.五种动词扩展为五种根本句型.即,三Ilikemisic.动词+表语/宾语等动词短语 +主语根本句型.四Ibringhim a present.A如右表所不,

4、五Imakehim happy.3 .五种根本句型扩展或转换为千姿百态的句子.或者反过来说,英语中千姿百态的句子都是由根本句型变来的.1根本句型,是指没有修饰成分的、正常语序的简单陈述句.这个定义有四层含义： 简单句,是指不是并列句和复合句.陈述句,是指不是疑问句、祈使句和感慨句.没有修饰 成分,是指没有定语和状语等.正常语序,是指没有倒装与省略.2根本句型的扩展和转换.根本句型根本句型的扩展或转换简单句并列句/复合句,分别参看第10/11章.陈述句疑问句/祈使句/感慨句,参看第10章没有修饰成分定语和状语等修饰成分,参看第8章.正常语序倒装与省略,参看第12章.右列中,是根本句型的扩展.是根

5、本句型的转换.就像数学公式一样,循环使用这 些扩展和转换,就由根本句型产生了各种各样的句子以及所谓的长难句4 .五种根本句型的细分表 .见下表,分类细分一主语+系动词+表语简称“主系表或 SVC静态系动词be,可以接形容词/名词/副词.动态系动词除be外,一般只能接形容词.二主语+谓语简称“主谓vi.或SV主语+谓语+副词/介词短语三主语+谓语+宾语简称“主谓vt.宾或SVO主语+谓语+宾语+副词/介词短语四主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语简称“主谓双宾或 SVOO主谓双宾主谓宾+to主谓双宾主谓宾+for五主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语简称“主谓复宾或 SVOC主系表 去掉系动词原表语作宾补主谓

6、宾变为非谓语非谓语动词短语作宾补注：有些书把there be句型单列为一种根本句型.本书认为, there be句型是由主系表句型的倒装句演变而来的,详见第十二章第二节讲解.下边详细讲解此表.+adj.+其它词静态系动词VV动态系动词VX二.主系表SVC 系动词分为静态系动词be和动态系动词除 be外相应地,“主系表句型,也分为两种讲解.如右表,加底纹表示,最典型的“主系表是“主语+be+形容词.1.静态系动词,可以跟形容词作表语, 也可以跟名词、副词等其它词/短语/从句作表语.如, He is strong.形容词作表语 He is a student.名词作表语 He is here.副词

7、作表语 He is at home.介词短语作表语2.动态系动词,一般只能跟形容词作表语.如,细分举例表示变化的动态系动词,如,become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turnHelen became famous.His dream came true.表示延续的动态系动词,如,continue, keep, remain, stand, stayShe still remained unconvinced.The weather is keeping fine.表示感觉的动态系动词,如,look, seem, sound, smell, taste,

8、 feelYou look tired.I don't feel well.比照：动态系动词,一般只能跟形容词,不能跟名词/副词.如果跟了名词/副词,一般不是动态系动词. get,在 get warm adj.中,get 是系动t在 get there adv.中,get 是实义动词.taste,在 It tastes good adj.中,taste是系动词；在 Please taste the wine n.中,taste是实义动词.3.如何识别系动词呢？ 一般地,假设有“某动词+形容词,那么某动词是系动词. The sun is_ rising.太阳正在升起.rising是动词v

9、-ing,可知is不是系动词是助动词 Stay silent!保持安静.从silent是形容词,可知stay是系动词. He 100ks happy adj.主系表.比照：He shouted loudly adv. 主语+谓语+状语例外：此规那么的唯一例外情况是：“主语+个别不及物动词+形容词".如,She died vi. young adj.这个句子是 She died when she was young.的省略.三.主谓SV 和主谓宾SVO 第二种根本句型是：主谓 vi.第三种根本句型是：主谓 vt.宾.在五种根本句型中,最典型的是“主谓宾,大约80%的句子是“主谓宾结构.

10、这两种句型,关键在于不及物动词 vi.和及物动词vt.注意英汉的及物性差异1.极少数动词,只能作不及物动词.如,come, go, sleep, travel o注意：有些动词,在英语中是不及物动词,在汉语中是及物动词.在这些不及物动词后不要少了介词. 听音乐：listen to the music listen the music x 嘲笑某人：laugh at sb. laugh sb. x 到达某地：arrive vi. in/at +某地.比照：到达某地：reach vt. +某地 等待某人：wait vi. for sb.比照：等待某人： await vt. sb. .极少数动词,只

11、能作及物动词.如,find发现,offer提供,seat坐下.注意：有些动词,在英语中是及物动词,在汉语中是不及物动词.在这些不及物动词后不要多了介词.跟在某人后边：follow sb. follow after sb. x为,一效劳：serve sb. serve for sb. x和一结婚: marry sb. marry with sb. x有个老外报属相时说：我属于猪力 应为 我属猪. I guessed his meaning.我猜出 了他的意思.I guessed out adv. his meaning.,可课为 我猜出出他的意思3.绝大多数动词,既能作不及物动词,又能作及物动词

12、.如, They are playing (vi.) on the playground. They are playing (vt.) football. read vi. loudly adv. 大声朗读. read vt. a book n. 读书. Time flies vi.时间飞逝. fly vt. a kite 放风筝.h11.,一,.英国国徽狮子代表英格兰,独角兽代表苏格兰注意：有些动词,作不及物动词和及物动词时的词义不同. play玩不及物；弹奏及物. help有用不及物；帮助及物. rain下雨不及物；使大量落下及物.apply申请不及物；运用及物. stand站立不及物；

13、忍受及物.下边讲两个在使用“主谓 vi.句型时常遇到的疑问4 .不及物动词,加介词后才能带宾语.换言之,从语法功能上讲,vi.+介词=vt. Look!看！ Look at him.看他.比照：see him 看见他5 .“主语+不及物动词+副词/介词短语仍然是第二种根本句型. His father has gone (vi.). fHis father has gone (vi.) abroad.(主语+谓语+副词作状语) Jim runs vi. f Jim runs vi. in the park.主语 +谓语 +介词短语作地点状语由于,状语是修饰性成分,与判定句子类型无关.所以,加状语

14、后,仍然是第二种根本句型.笑话：Do You Mind if I Throw Him a bit ?s leg.A man was standing at a bus stop eating fish and chips. An old lady and her little white dog stood next to him. The dog, excited by th e smell of the fish and chips, started to bark and jump up on the man Do you mind if I throw him a bit ? Thma

15、n asked the old lady.alHpt at she said,“go aheadman pSokeeup the little dog and threw it over a wall.一名男子正站在一个公共汽车站吃着鱼和炸薯条.一个老太太带着她的小白狗站在他身旁.小狗由 于闻到了鱼和炸薯条的香味,所以开始叫唤,还不住地往这男子的腿上跳.我把你这狗扔远一点你介意吗？或理解为,我给你的狗扔点吃的你介意吗 ？“该男子对老太太说道.她说：不介意,你扔吧.于是,男子抓起小狗就把它扔到了墙那边.分析：该男子的话可以有两种理解：理解为第三种根本句型：throw 谓语+him 宾语+a bi

16、t 状语.理解为四种根本句型：throw 谓语+him 间接宾语+a bit 直接宾语.该男子说的是第种意思, 老太太理解的是第种意思.四.主谓双宾SVOO 第四种根本句型是：主语+谓语+间接宾语人+直接宾语物.直接宾语和间接宾语,合称双宾语.1 .什么是直接宾语和间接宾语？表示人的是间接宾语,表示物的是直接宾语. 由于,甲把东西给乙：甲-东西-乙,所以,对甲来说,“东西是直接的,是直接宾语； “乙是间接的是通过“东西才间接地接触上的,是间接宾语.如, He gave me the book. me表人,是间接宾语；the book表物,是直接宾语.注意,直接/间接宾语,只与表人还是表物有关,

17、与单词在句子中的前后位置无关.如, He gave the book to me. me表人,是间接宾语,the book表物,是直接宾语.2 .“主谓双宾,可以转换为“主谓宾 +介词短语to型或for型等主要分为两类：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语-动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语这些动t有： give/offer , hand/pass, buy/sell, lend, leave , pay, show, teach, tell 等. I showed Jim the map. f I showed the map to Jim. 动词+间接宾语+直接宾语-动词+直接宾语+for+间接宾语这些动

18、 t有： build, call, cook, make, order, sing 等. Linda cooked the teacher a good dinner. fLinda cooked a good dinner for the teacher.比照：to指动作的对象,对谁做什么；for指动作的受益者,为谁做什么.to型多,for型少.比照：有些动词如, buy/sell/leave之后,既可以接 to也可以接for. He bought Anna a present. =He bought a present to Anna.他给安娜买了一件礼物. He bought a pre

19、sent for Anna.他替安娜买了一件礼物. He sold me all his books. =He sold all his books to me.他把全部书都卖给了我.He sold all his books for me.为了我,他把全部书都卖了. His uncle left her the money. =His uncle left_the money to her.他叔父遗留下这笔钱给他.His uncle left the money for her.他叔父为了她才留了这笔钱.比照：第三/四种根本句型. Money can buy you love.四金钱可以为你

20、买来爱情.Money can buy you门ove.三金钱可以买你的爱情.五.主谓复宾SVOC 第五种根本句型是：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语.宾语 +宾语补足语=复合宾语.1 .哪些动词可以带复合宾语？最常见的带复合宾语的十个动词是：四看三使役,二听一感觉.四看：observe, notice , see,watch； 三使役： make, let, have； 二听： hear, listen ； 一感觉： feel.2 .宾语补足语,可以分为两大类：1名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,作宾语补足语.这些宾补是由“主系表转换来的.转换方法：随着“主语变为“宾语,“表语也叫主语补足语变为“宾语

21、补足语. I am happy.主语 +系动词 +表语 He makes me happy.主i+谓语+宾语+宾补转换过程分析：随着 生i« I f宾语me ,表语也叫主语补足语happyf宾语补足语happy".省略无意义的 am.正是由于'主系表宾补,所以,可以作表语的词或结构都可以作宾补.如, They called their daughter Mary.他们给女儿取名玛丽.名词作宾补 I found him friendly.我发现他很友好.形容词作宾补. Don' t leave mebehind.别把我留下.副词作宾补 He put his b

22、ooks in order.他把书整理好了.介词短语作宾补2非谓语动词短语,作宾语补足语.这些宾补是由“主谓宾转换来的.转换方法：把动词短语变为非谓语动词短语.如, Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.不定式短语作宾补he turned down the radio f him to turn down the radio I heard Tom singing a song. v-ing 短语作宾补 Tom is singing a song. Tom singing a song He watched the piano carried upstai

23、rs.他看着钢琴被搬上楼.v-ed短语作宾补the piano was carried upstairs fthe piano carried upstairs 比照：第五句型主谓复宾与其它句型的比照.rHe calls me Tom.由于有I am Tom.的逻辑关系,所以,是五句型,其中, me 宾语+Tom 宾补 He gave me a book.由于没有I am a book.的逻辑关系,所以,不是五句型,是四句型.d found her a good girl.我发现她是个好女孩.由于有She is a good girl.的逻辑关系,所以是五句型H found her a goo

24、d boy.我给她找了个好男孩.=I found a good boy for her.,是四句型She will make him a good husband.她将使他成为好丈夫.由于 He is a good husband.,是五句型She will make him a good wife.她将会成为他的好妻子.=She will make a good wife for him.,是四句型 found the book easy.我发现那本书很容易.由于The book is easy.,是五句型.easy作宾补.LI found the book easily.我很容易地就找到了

25、那本书.是三句型.easily作状语.六.根本句型的扩展根本句型的扩展的原理是：把“名词性/形容词性/副词性的单词,替换为“名词性/形容词性/副词性的短语或从句根本句型的扩展,细分为两种方法：1.增加次要成分定语/状语/同位语.也就是增加修饰词.如,扩展前扩展后n.名词adj.+n.名词短语v.动词v.+adv.动词短语adj.形容词adv.+adj.形容词短语adv.副词adv.+adj.副词短语 It_was cold. fThe weather has been very cold just recently. The nations are friends. f The neighbo

26、uring nations have long been our close friends.2.把短成分单词替换为长成分短语 /从句.如,扩展前扩展后名词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句都是名词性结构形容词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句都是形容词性结构副词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句都是副词性结构例句名词性短语或从句作主语/宾语 Reading French is easier than speaking it.读法语比讲容易.v-ing 作主语 What she saw gave her a little fright.她看到的情况使她有点吃惊.what从句作主语 Wou

27、ld you mind waiting a few minutes? 能否劳驾等几分钟? v-ing 作宾语 I don ' t caiwhat they say.我不在乎他们说了什么.what从句作宾语例句形容词性短语或从句作定语 Who is that girl with a pigtail? 那个梳辫子的女孩是谁？介词短语作定语 I have sth important to discuss with you.我有要事相商.不定式短语作定语 She is a girl everyone likes.她是个人人都喜欢的女孩.that从句作定语例句副词性短语或从句作状语 He tra

28、velled in the desert for six months.他在沙漠里走了六个月.介词短语作状语 The suitcase is too heavy to be carried by a child.箱子太重小孩拿不动不定式短语作结果状语 It being a holiday , the library is not open. 今天是假日,图书馆不开门含 v-ing的独立主格结构作原因状语第五节总结：英语的句子是由横向组合和纵向替换组成的,像物理学中的串联和并联.1.组成句子的过程是：根本句型.讲单词如何组成根本句型,主要通过动词讲解.根本 句型的扩展.讲句子的各个局部如何替换,

29、主要通过三种词性名词性/形容词性/副词性讲解.2.这两步分别相当于物理学中的串联和并联：第步,以动词为核心,把四种词性名词/动词/形容词/副词串联在一起.第步,根据三种词性名词性/形容词性/副词性把句子的各个局部替换为相同性质的短语/从句.综合区J句1:从太空拍摄的照片展示了人类的力量在地球外表上所带来的改变. 译过程： pictures show the changes 根本句型- PictureSTaken from space show the changes thaThuman forces have brought about on the earth surface.根本句型的扩展

30、综合区J句2:中国总理高度赞扬了非洲共同组织在帮助非洲国家赢得民族独立和获得政治解放当中所作出的重大奉献.译过程：CD Chinese premier praised the contribution根本句型.- Chinese premier highlypraised the significant contribution of Africa Union in helping African countries to win their national independence and political liberation.根本句型的扩展澳大利亚国徽分组比照练习1. The doo

31、r stays open at night.2. Just stay here for a moment.3. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.4. What he said proved true.5. He can't proved his theory.题组指出划线局部是及物动词还是不及物动词1. My watch stopped.2. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother.3. Shall I begin at once ?4. She began wor

32、king as a teacher after she left school.5. When did they leave Beijing?6. They left last week.题组用下划线标出以下句子中的宾语.考查第三种根本句型.1. People all over the world speak English.2. Jim cannot dress himself.3. He just wanted to stay at home.4. He practices speaking English every day.5. He did not know what to say.

33、6. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.题组译句子,并指出间接宾语和直接宾语.考查第四种根本句型.1. I showed him my pictures.2. She ordered herself a new dress.3. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.4. He brought you a dictionary.5. I told him that the bus was late.6. He showed me how to run the machine.题组译句子,并指出“什

34、么词性作宾补.考查第五种根本句型.1. We elected him monitor.2. They painted the door green.3. We saw him out.4. He asked me to come back soon.5. I saw them getting on the bus.6. I 'll have my bike repaired.题组把两个句子组合成一个句子.考查第五种根本句型.1. The members elected Alice. She's president now.The members elected Alice pr

35、esident.2. The theory is wrong. Someone has proved that.Someone has proved the theory wrong.3. We've painted the walls. They 're bright yellow now.We've painted the walls bright yellow.题组用不同的谓语动词译以下句子.综合考查五种根本句型.1 .这家具花了我 500 美元. I paid $500 for the furniture. I bought the furniture for

36、$500. I spent $500 on the furniture.I spent $500 in buying the furniture.The furniture cost me $500. It cost me $500 to buy the furniture.2 .他们经常参观那个博物馆. They often visit the museumThey are the frequent visitors to visit the museum.3 .非常感谢你考虑我的申请. I ' ll thank you if you think about my applicati

37、on.I will appreciate it that if you take my application into consideration.题组根本句型的扩展.这个题组可以在学完第十一章从句后再做.1 .由那个著名艺术家作的那幅画一定很值钱.2 .下午要讨论的是关于教育的问题.3 .在给她的中国朋友的信中,那个美国女孩表达了她想要再次访问中国的强烈愿望.4 .改天后他告诉我的话于事无补.5 .你能给我指一下莎士比亚的故居吗?6 .我非常同意那句谚语：滚石不牛苔.1. The picture painted by the famous artist must be very valuable.2. The question to be discussed this afternoon is about education.3. The American girl, in her let