初中被动语态详细讲解上课讲义

1、初中被动语态详细讲解语法专练-被动语态一、语态概述我吃了一个苹果,那现在苹果怎样了？苹果被我吃了.正如汉语中的被字句,英语中的被字句我们称之为被动语态.英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.英语的语态是通过动词形 式的变化表现出来的.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.巧记为：主动、主动、主去动.例如：Many peoplespeak English.谓语：speak的动作是由主语 many people来执行的.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.巧记为：被动、被动、主被动.例 如：English is spoken by many people. 主语 English 是动词 s

2、peak 的承受者.例如：He opened the door.他开了门.主动句The door was opened. 门被开了.被动句 二、被动语态的构成被动语态由be+及物动词的过去分词构成.不及物动词本身没有被动语态 及物动词-本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾.不及物动词-本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词.人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be的变化表现出来的 构成.一般现在时： ano/ is /are + eaten一般将来时： will/shall/be going to be + eaten going to be + eaten现在进行时： an/ i

3、s /are being + eaten现在完成时： have/has been + eaten歌诀是：被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面.现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的一般过去时： was/ were+ eaten过去将来时：would/should/be过去进行时： was/ were being + eaten 过去完成时： had been + eaten三、被动语态的用法1不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁.例如：some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.不知道电脑是谁偷的This book was publ

4、ished in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年.没有必要或说出出版者2强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.例如：The window was broken by mike. 窗户是迈克打破的.This book was written byLunxun.这本书是他写的.Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天 8 小时睡眠必须得至U保证.歌诀：谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到.3为了更好地安排句子.例 The well-known person got on the bus and w

5、as immediately recognized by people< 一个主语 就够了四、主动语态变被动语态的方法1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.2把谓语变成被动结构be +过去分词根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式.(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.例如：All the people laughed at him. - He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory. -The bikes are made b

6、y them in the factory.歌诀是：宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟.谓语动词变被动,be后“过分来使用.五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动何时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to仍要保存.歌诀是：情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分.例如：we can repair this watch in two days. -This watch can be repaired in two days.We must finish this work soon.-This work must be done soon.六、主动语态变

7、被动语态需要注意的几个问题.(1) 时态保持一致.I have repaired my computer.-My computer has been repaired.(2)谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词.His best friend often looks after him.-He is often looked after byhis best friend.(3)主动语态中假设有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变.动词 make/buyget 用 for; 动词 givesend/lend/take用 to)Vivian gave me a

8、book.(双宾语,人间物直, me为间接宾语,a book为直接宾语)- I was given a book by Vivian.-A book was given to me by Vivian.(直接宾语提前时,要在间接宾语前加介词)(4)主动语态假设有复合宾语,(即句子结构为主+及物动词+宾+宾补),将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主 语,宾补不变.They call him Louis. -He is called Louis.(5)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动.例 Someone caught the boy smoking a c

9、igarette.可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.(6)主动语态句中动词 make, have, let( 使 sb 做 sth), notice. see. watch, look at,hear, listen to,feel等变成被动语态时,后面的不定式需要加上to.Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes.-He was made to wash the dishes.(7)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词,“动词+副词等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把 它们看作一个整体,不能分开.其中的介词或副词也

10、不能省略.例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.(8)非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态).例 I don't like being laughed at in the public.(9) It is said that+从句及其他类似句型些表示 "据说"或"相信" 的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It + be +过去分词+ that从句&qu

11、ot;或"主语+ be +过去分词+ to do sth.".有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that 据报道,It is believed that 大家相信, It is hoped that 大家希望,It is well known that众所周知,It is thought that大家认为,It issuggested that 据建议.例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to havepassed the n

12、ational exam. )七、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1) (1).英语中有很多动词如break , catch , clean , drive , lock , open, sell , read , write , wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物.例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态那么强调外界作用造成的影响.试比拟：The door won't lock .(指门本身有毛病)The door won't be locked

13、 .(指不会有人来锁门,指"门没有锁是人的原因)2) ) 表示“发生、进行的不及物动词和短语,如： happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义.例How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？(3)系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义.例 Your reas

14、on sounds reasonable2、在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义.(1)在need, want, require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词 不定式的被动形式.例 The house needs repairing (to be repaired ). 这房子需要修理.(2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy后面跟动词 不定式的被动形式.例 The picture-book is well worth reading(= The picture-book is ver

15、y worthy to be read.)(3)动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主 谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系.)试比拟：I ' ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明you不是post动作的执行者.)(4)在某些“形容词+不定式做表语或宾语补足语的结构中

16、,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻 辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有nice , easy , fit , hard , difficult ,important , impossible , pleasant , interesting 等.例 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out 省略了 for me ).(5)在tooto结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义.例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.(6)在the

17、re be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动 形式作定语,重点在物.例 There is no time to lose (to be lost ).(用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ;用 to be lost , 谁lost time 不明确.)(7)在be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动.然而,由于古英语的影响,以下动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?八、介词in, on, unde

18、r等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词 前一般不用冠词.（1） "under +名词结构,表示“某事在进行中“.常见的有： under control(受限制),undertreatment (在治疗中) ,under repair(在修理中),under discussion(在讨论中),under construction(在施工中).例 The building is under construction( is being constructed).（2） “beyond+名词结构,“出乎胜过、范围、限度.常见的有：beyond belief 令人难以 beyond our hope . 我置彳t , beyond one' s reach 鞭长莫及, beyond one' s control 无法限制, 们的成功始料不及.例 The rumour is beyond belief =can' t be believed .（3） “above+名词结构,表示“品质、行为、水平等超过、高于.例 His honest character is above all praise. =His honest character cannot be pra