2015武汉大学考博英语真题

1、武汉大学2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解Justice in society must in elude both a fair trial to the accused and the select ion of an appropriatepunishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in itsearlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crim

2、e. Recorded in the Old Testament is theexpression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the in dividual who has done wrong hascommitted an offence aga inst society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can bedone only by doing an equal injury to him. This con ceptio

3、 n of retributive justice is reflected in manyparts of the legal docume nts and procedures of moder n times. It is illustrated whe n we dema nd thedeath pen alty for a pers on who has committed murder. This philosophy of puni shme nt was supportedby the Germa n idealist Hegel. He believed that socie

4、ty owed it to the criminal to give a punishmentequal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it isnecessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. Tothe murderer nothing less tha n giv ing up his

5、 own will pay his debt. The dema nd of the death pen altyis a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Moder n jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the no ti on of corrective justice. Theaim of the latter is not to aba ndon the con cept of equality but t

6、o find a more adequate way to expressit. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opport unity for each in dividual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will en able him to become ano rmal member of society. Before a treatme nt

7、 can be adm ini stered, the cause of his an tisocialbehavior. must be foun d. If the cause can be removed, provisi ons must be made to have this done. Only those crimi nals who are in curable should be perma nen tly separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that crim in als will esc

8、ape puni shme nt or be quickly returned to take up careers ofcrime. It means that justice is to heal the in dividual, not simply to get even with him. If severe puni shments is the only adequate means for accompa nying this, it should be adm ini stered. However, the individual should be give n every

9、 opport un ity to assume a no rmal place in society. His conviction ofcrime must not deprive him of the opport unity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this select ion is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just Puni shme ntC. Improveme nt in

10、Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic differe nee betwee n retributive justice and corrective jus ticeis the ().A. type of crime that was prove nB. severity for the puni shme ntC. reas on for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The puni shme nt that wo

11、uld be most i neon siste nt with the views of corrective justice woul d be ().A. forced brain surgeryB. whippi ngC. solitary confin eme ntD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth was presented in orde rto ().A. prove , that equality dema nds just pun

12、i shme ntB. justify the n eed for puni shme nt as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long bee n in terested in justiceIn every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. In a greatnumber of human societies mens sureness of their

13、 sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, topractice some activity that wome n are not allowed to practice. Their male ness in fact has to be underwritte n by preve nting wome n from en teri ng some field or perform ing some feat.This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead ab

14、out the way in which the roles ofmen and wome n in society should be disti nguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr omcomplete. There is a flow of publicati ons about the continuing domestic bon dage of wome n and aboutthe complicated sy

15、stem of defe nces which men have throw n up around their hitherto accepted advantages, tak ing sometimes the obvious form of exclusi on from types of occupatio n and sociable groupin gs, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of womenspretensions to the level of int

16、ellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the bus in ess ofrunning the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evide nee for the erosi on of mens status. In the firstplace, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in In dia, Sri Lankaand Israel.S

17、econ dly, there is the very large in crease in the nu mber of wome n who work, especially marriedwome n and mothers of childre n. More diffusely there are the in creas in gly nu merous con verge ncesbetwee n male and female behaviour: the approximati on to ide ntical styles in dress and coiffure, th

18、esharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Every one carries round with him a fairly defi nite idea of the primitive or n atural con diti ons o fhuma n life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous carto ons tha n of a

19、rchaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly feltexpectati ons of peoples sense of what is fun dame ntally proper in the differe ntiati on between theroles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and

20、fish and to fight off thetribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous in itiative is firmly reserved to the man, whosets about courtship with a club.5. The phrase me ns sure ness of their sex role in the first paragraph suggests that they()A. are con fide nt in their ability to charm wom

21、e n.B. take the in itiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is con sidered ma nl y.D. tend to be more immoral tha n wome n are.6. The third paragraph ()A. gen erally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argume nt of the sec ond paragrap

22、hD. con tradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph ()A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irreleva nt jokeD. proves that the man, not woma n, should be the wooer8. The ope ning

23、 quotati on from Margaret Mead sums up a relati on ship betwee n man and woman which the author ()A. approves ofB. argues is n aturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on cha ngingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But mostof them have little

24、choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive gover nment subsidies in the form of guara nteed prices or directhan douts. Last month U.S. Preside nt Bush sig ned a new farm bill that gives America n farmers $190billi on over t

25、he n ext 10 years, or $83 billio n more tha n they had bee n scheduled to get, and pushesU.S. agricultural support close to crazy Europea n levels. Bush said the step was n ecessary topromote farmer in depe ndence and preserve the farm way of life for gen eratio ns. It is also desig nedto help the R

26、epublica n Party win con trol of the Sen ate in Novembers mid termelecti ons.Agricultural producti on in most poor coun tries acco unts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich coun tries.But most farmers in poor coun tries grow just eno ugh for themselves and their families. Those who try

27、exporting to the Westfind their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United NationsConference on Trade and Developme nt con cluded that for each dollar develop ing coun tries receive in aid they lose up to$14 just because of trade barriers impose

28、d on the export of their manu factured goods. Its not as if the develop ing worldwants any favours, says Gerald Ssen dwula, Ugan das Mini ster of Finan ce. What we want is for the rich countries to let uscompete.Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labou

29、r are cheap, and as farmingmethods develop, new tech no logies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculatio n. The biggest success inKeny as economy over the past decade has bee n the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that mayall change in 2008, when Kenya w

30、ill be slightly too rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows Africa nproducers to avoid pay ing stiff Europea n import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, thehorticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And

31、while agriculture exports rema in the great hopefor poor coun tries, reduc ing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas Africa n Growth and Opport unity Act, whichcuts duties on exports of everyth ing from han dicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manu facturers. The less on:th

32、e Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decisi on to in crease farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countrieshave long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Suchsuspi

33、cions caused the Seattle trade talks to break dow n three years ago. But last November members of the World TradeOrga ni zati on, meeti ng in Doha, Qatar, fin ally agreed to a new round of talks desig ned to ope n up global trade inagriculture and textiles. Rich coun tries assured poor coun tries, t

34、hat their concerns were fin ally being addressed. Bushshan dout last month makes a lie of Americas commitme nt to those talks and his pers onal devoti on to free trade.9.By comparis on, farmers () receive more gover nment subsidies tha n others.?A. i n the develop ing worldB. i n Japa nC. i n Europe

35、D. in America?10.ln addition to the economic considerations, there is a () motive behind Bush signing of the new farm bill.?A. partisa nB. socialC. finan cialD. cultural?11. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is thatA. poor coun tries should be give n equal opport un it

36、ies in trade?B. “ thleast?developed country status ben efits agricultural coun tries?C. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?D. farmers in poor coun tries should also receive the ben efit of subsidies12. The writer attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. i

37、s ()A. favourableB. ambiguousC. criticalD. reservedRoger Rosenblattbook Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather thansociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach take n by most previous studies. As Rose nblatt no tes,criticism of Black writi ng has ofte n ser

38、ved as a pretext for expo unding on Black history. Addis on Gayle recent work, forexample, judges the value of Black fictio n by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Blackidentity which it propo un ds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstance

39、s, its authors react to those circumstances in ways otherthan ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictionalenterprise. Rosenblattnalysis s literary adiscloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which sole

40、ly political studies have overlooked or igno red.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number ofquestions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works byBlack authors

41、? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinet from other modern fiction with which it is largelycontemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary traditi on. Look ing at no vels writte n by Blacks over the

42、last eighty years, he discovers recurri ng concerns anddesig ns in depe ndent of chrono logy. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central factthat the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that c

43、ulture orrebel aga inst it.Black Fictio n does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblattthematic analysispermits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yethis reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attem

44、pt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors work ing out of, or trying to forge, adiffere nt kind of aesthetic? In addition, the styl e of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer s Cane, ver

45、ges onexpressi onism or surrealism; does this tech nique provide a coun terpo int to the prevale nt themethat portrays the fate aga inst which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually con veyed by more n aturalistic modes ofexpressi on?In spite of such omissi ons, what Rose nblatt does in clude in h

46、is discussi on makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little- knownworks like James Weldon Johnson s Autobiographyof an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded andpenetrating criticism.13 The author objects t