中英文翻译机械类机械设计方案外文翻译

1、1 / 9附件1：外文资料翻译译文机械设计摘要： 机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装 置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机 等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语 中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置 设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也 要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需 要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词 ：设计流程 设计规则 机械设计设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机

2、器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重 量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约 束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被 改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然 后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设 想。一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计 和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用 性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重

3、要的部分要优化 它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要 的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和 能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱 动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进 行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先 要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产 品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、实验、完善，然后决定使 用还是

4、放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内2 / 9容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的 步骤来解决问题。产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材 料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数 据长期不更新；（d质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；（e由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结 论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。尽管采用最 好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的 程序进行材料选择，可以大大

5、减少诉讼的数量。从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方 法有一个全面而基本的了解。在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由实验和经验 为基础，进一步分析并改进。一些设计规则在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。也许会创造出更实用、 更经济、更耐用的产品。为了激发创造性思维，下列是设计和分析的建议规则。前六个规则对设计者 来说特别适用。1.要有创造性的利用所需要的物理性质和控制过程。2.认识负载产生的影响及其意义。3.预测没有想到的负载。4.创造出对载荷更为有利的条件。5.提供良好的应力分布和最小的刚度条件。6.运用最简单的方程来优化体积和面积

6、。3 / 97.选择组合材料。8.仔细选择所备的原料和不可缺少的组件。9.调整有效的设计方案，以适应生产过程和降低成本。10.规定好准确的位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉。机械设计包括一下内容：1.对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍。2.回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析，包括梁、振动和冲击载荷。3.回顾应力的基本规律和失效分析。4.介绍静态失效理论和静态载荷下机械断裂分析。5.介绍疲劳失效理论并强调在压力条件下接近高循环的疲劳设计，这通常用在旋转机械的设计中。6.深入探讨机械磨损机理、表面接触应力和表面疲劳现象。7.使用疲劳分析技术校核轴的设计。8.讨论润滑油膜与滚动轴承的理论和应用

7、。9.深入介绍直齿圆柱齿轮的动力学、设计和应力分析，并简单介绍斜齿轮、锥齿轮和涡轮有关方面的问题。10.讨论弹簧设计、螺杆等紧固件的设计，包括传动螺杆和预紧固件。11.介绍盘式和鼓式离合器以及制动器的设计和技术说明。机械设计一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设 计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材 料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今 天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必 要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出

8、仔细的评估。仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好 知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小 数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的工程失败。设计工作的各个方面 都应该检查和复查。计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提 供进一步4 / 9的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计CAD和计算机辅助制造 dontunderstand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (bfai

9、led to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible,designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recentyears, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiffaccused manufacturer, and won the decision, (c o

10、f the materials used all or some ofthe data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (dquality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e by some completely incompetentpersons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questio

11、ns is does nothave the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions tothese questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Althoughuses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the productresponsibility lawsuit, designs the

12、personnel and the industry carries on the choice ofmaterial according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the materialnature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and

13、 the basicunderstanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may bebuilt. If its tests aresatisfactory, the initial design willundergo certain modifications that enable it tobemanufactured in quantity at a lower cost. Duringsubsequent years of manufacture andservice, thedesign is l

14、ikely to undergo changes as new ideas conceived or as furtheranalyses based upotensts and experience indicate alterations. Salesappeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied witha creative attitude, analyses can lead toimportantimprovements and to the conception and perfe

15、ctionof alternate, perhaps morefunctional, economical, and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the followingrules are suggested for the designer andanalyst.The first six rules are particularly applicable for theanalyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.

16、2. Recognize functional loadsand their significance.3. Anticipate unintentionalloads.4. Devise more favorable loadingconditions.are7 / 95. Provide for favorable stress distribution andstiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimizedimensions.7. Choose materials for a

17、combinationof properties.8. Select carefully, stockand integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturingprocess and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterferenceof parts in assembly. Machinerydesign covers the following contents.1. Provides an introductio

18、n to the design process , problem formulation ,safetyfactors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis o

19、n stress-life approaches tohigh-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contactstresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses flui

20、d-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spurgears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Dea

21、ls with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complexprocess. The machine design is acreative work. Project engineer not only must have the

22、creativity in the work, but alsomust in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materialsmechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of anyproduct is to select the material from whicheachpart is to

23、be made.Numerous materials are availableto todays designers. Thefunction of the product,its appearance, the cost of the material, and thecost of fabricationare important in making a selection.A careful evaluation of the properties of a.materialmust be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculati

24、ons are necessary to ensurethe validity of a design. In case of any partfailures, it is desirable to knowwhat was done in originally designingthedefectivecomponents. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensionsis ofutmost importance. The misplacementof one decimal point can ruinanotherwiseac

25、ceptable project. All aspects of design work should bechecked andrechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanicaldesigners to lighten tedious calculations,and provideextended analysis of available data. Interactivesystems, based on computercapabilities, havemade possible the concepts of comput

26、er aided design(CADandcomputer-aided manufacturing(CAM.How does the psychologist frequently discusscauses the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnelsbasic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is8 / 9not an easy work, because

27、certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is themost superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question,project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with otherconcerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to h

28、ave to carry on theexchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrativepersonnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematicdiagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the

29、human need theproduct. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly notnecessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied canproduce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design ina specific product, must f

30、irst determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on usingcreative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation productmanufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge tohave to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely servicedata and the formula is insuf