定语从句学习的难点突破

1、定语从句学习的难点突破所谓定语从句(THEATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE)是指在主从复合句中修饰主句中的名词或代词的 从句。定语从句在英语学习中是比较复 杂却又是运用的比较广泛的一种从句形 式,是各级各类英语语法必考的热点之 一，也是考生通常感到较难掌握的语言 知识之一，而且随着阅读理解在各种考 试中得占分比例的增加，定语从句的重 要性就更加突岀了，因为，使阅读文章 复杂化的简单途径就是借助于定语从 句。所以正确理解定语从句不仅在单项 选择，而且在完形填空、阅读理解、以 及书面表达中都非常重要，因为定语从 句的掌握好坏直接影响到考生们对于长 句、难句、复杂句的理解，进而直接影 响考生的得

2、分。整理本定语从句语法专 题的目的，就是帮助考生用最短的时间攻克定语从句学习难关，在考试中取得 好成绩。一、定语从句的基本概念：（一）定义作用在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某 一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词 之后。、关联词关联词用于引导一个定语从句，代 替先行词在从句中充当一定的成 分。（二）关系代词的作用作用例句1.作1. The stude nt who is talk ing with the mon itor is Luc y.作主语）（指人2. A dicti onary is a book which gives the meaning of words.物作主语）（指、亠语2.作表

3、语3.She is no Ion ger the girl that she used to be.（指人作表语）3.作宾语4. The stude ntwhom（who）you want to see has come already.（指人作宾语）5. The letter which I received yesterday was from a frie nd of min e.（指物作宾语）4.作疋语6.The girl whose mother is a teacher studies very hard.（扌旨人作定语）（三）须用that引导的定语从句情况1:no thi ng,

4、everythi ng,a nythi ng,much, all,little ，something 等不定代词 作先行词时，常用that引导从句.例句：Is there any thi ng that I can dofor you?情况2:指物的先行词前被序数词修饰 时。例句：The first thing that we shoulddo is to help him.情况3:指物的先行词前被形容词最高级 修饰时。例句：This is the best foreig n film thatI have ever see n.情况4:指物的先行词前被the very, the only,

5、the same 修饰时。例句：That ' she very tool that we are look ing for.情况5:先行词既指人又指物时。例句:They talked about the things and frie nds that they could remember.情况6:主句是由 Who/Which 引导的 特殊疑问句时。例句：Who is the man that is sta nding over there?Which is the tool that you are look ing for?（四）不可由that引导的定语从句： 情况1:在非限制性

6、定语从句中。例句：Mr Smith ,who lives in Chicago, is a doctor .情况2:关系代词在从句中作前置介词的 宾语时。例句：This is the room in which MrLiu once lived .情况3:由that作先行词时。例句：The bread which is made by my mother is better than that which is sold in food shops.情况4:some one. somebody, no body,a nyo n e,a nybody,every on e,everybody等指

7、人的不定代词作先行词时。 例句：Anyone who breaks the law will be puni shed.（五）非限制性定语从句的特点：1. 不能用that引导定语从句2. 关系代词不能省略。3. 非限制性定语从句前需有逗号(六) 关系副词的用法：关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。1. when指代表示时间的先行词在定语 从句中与相应的介词一起充当时间状 语。例如：October 1, 1949 was the daywhen (=on which ) the People ' sRepublic of China was foun ded.2、wh

8、ere指代 代表地点的先行词”在 定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当地点 状语。例如：We will visit the housewhere (二in which)lu Xun was born.注意：如果代表地点的先行词在定 于从句中不是充当状语，而是充当 主 语”、宾语”等句子成分，则不能够用where引导定语从句来修饰 代表地点 的先行词”。例如：1) This is the museum which we visited the day before yesterda y.2) We are going to visit the farm which his father bought

9、in the World War Two.3. why代替先行词在定语从句中相当 于相应的介词在从句中充当原因状语 例如：Who can tell me the reas on why(二for which) tom was abse nt today?二、定语从句的学习难点：同学们务必认真分析历届高考中 有关定语从句的语言考点分布及命题轨 迹，结合平时自己的薄弱环节及容易产 生理解误区的内容进行归纳总结，特别 需要注意以下起六个方面的学习难点：）选用关系代词还是关系副词？ 关系代词和关系副词的选择是定语 从句的学习重点和难点。在定语从句中 关系代词与关系副词都代替先行词在从 句中充当一定的成

10、分。如果该从句缺少 主语、表语、宾语或定语，须用关系代 词 who,whom,whose,which,that 等来引导定语从句；如果从句缺少状语 时，就得选用关系副词whe n,where,why等来引导包含定语从句的主从复合句。切记：务必根据先 行词在定语从句中所从当的成分及从句 的句子结构或功能来选择相应的关系代 词或关系副词。试比较：1）I still remember the dayswhich we spe nt in london.（注：先行词days在从句中充当spent的宾 语。2）I still remember the dayswhe n we studied in lo

11、ndon.（注:先行词days在从句中充当时间状语。）3）I still remember the days inwhich we studied in the sameclass.（注：先行词days在从句中充当 前置介词in的宾语。）二）何时须用that引导何时不能用引导 定语从句呢？that在限制性定语从句中既可指 人又可指物，既可以作主语、宾语又可 以作表语。在下列情况下须用that引导 定语从句。（1）当先行词是指物的不定代 词，如：all,much,little,everythi ng, no thi n g,a nything,one等时；但somethi ng作先行词时，也可以

12、用which引导定语从句。例如：4）That ' s all that I know and i have nothing that I can tell you.5）There is still something which/that I can ' t tell you at prese nt.（2 ）指物的先行词被不定代词all,much,few,little,every,each,some,no 或被 the only,the very,the same等限定词所修饰时。例如：6) This is the only book that I really n eed.(

13、3) 先行词既指人又指物时。例如：7) My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they could remember.(4) 先行词在定语从句中作表语时。例 如:)Chi na is no Ion ger the one that it used to be.(5) 指物的先行词被形容词的最高级或 序数词所修饰时。例如：9) The first book that I read in en glish is dicke ns' no vel.(6) 、当主句是以 who或which

14、 引导 的特殊疑问句时。例如：10) Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday? Who is the girl that is sta nding over there?三) 在以下的情况下定语从句却不能用 that引导定语从句：(1) 先行词在定语从句中充当前置介 词的宾语时，不能用that ;指人时只能 用whom 引导从句，指物时只能用 which 引导从句。例如：11) The man about whom you are talk ing is our headmaster.(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。例如：12) It was

15、 in the street last sun day that I met a frie nd, who had just come from new york.(3) 先行词为 some one, anyone, every one, an ybody, somebody,no body , these ,those 等指人的不定 代词时。例如：13) Anyone who breaks the lawwill be puni shed.(4) that充当主句的先行词时。例如：14) I don ' t like this magazine, and I like that /w

16、hich you sentme the day before yesterday.温馨提醒：当way作先行瓷时， 定语 从句常用in which ，that引导定语从 句或或省略关系代词如：15）1 don ' t like the way （in which/ that） you spoke to your mother.四）介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用 原则1、前置介词的选择应根据定语从句中动 词词组或搭配的需要。例如：16）The book in which you are in terested was sent by myun cle.（ be in terested i

17、n系固定动词词组。）2、前置介词的选择应于主句中先行词 与介词的固定搭配相关。例如：17）I don ' t like the way in whichyou speak to her.（1993年上海高考题,inway系固定的搭配。）五）as/which指代主句整体，引导非限制性定语从句的区别1、位置的区别：as引导的非限制性定 语从句的位置比较灵活，既可以前插到 主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可 以插入主句之中；而which引导的非限 制性定语从句位置死板，只能跟在主句 之后。试对比：As we all kno w,Taiwa n is part of china.19) Tai

18、wan ,as we all know,is part of china 。20) Taiwan is part of China,as we all know.21) Taiwa n is part of chi na, which is taught at schools.2、词义及与主句的联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间关 系密切，as本身意含 正如”或 就像” 之意。而which引导的非限制性定语从 句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似于并列 关系，which本身表示 这”或 这一点” 的意思。此外，as习惯上常于表示感知的动词或形容词(describe , do , te

19、ll , expect , point out , see, know , known ； well-known, seen ,un derstood)等连用。例如：22) To shut your eyes to facts ，as many of you do ， is foolish.23) Light travels faster than sound, which was taught by our physics teacher.24) Light travels faster than sound,as the teacher once poin ted out.3、当指物的先行

20、词前已经被the same，such等表示同类的限定词所修 饰时，定语从句常用as引导。例如：25) I won ' t want such/the same coat as you you ' ve got特别提醒：非限制性定语从句具有以 下三大特点：1）不能用that引导从句;关系代词或关系副词不能省略3）只能用关系代词或关系副词引导非限 制性定语从句。六）定语从句的主谓一致性原则和时态 一致性原则1、关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时， 从句的谓语应于先行词保持人称与数的 一致。例如：26）Kate is one of the girls who are able to si

21、ng and dance well.27）Kate is the only one of the girls who is able to sing and dance excelle ntl y.2、定语从句中从句动词时态应与主句的 动词时态保持一致，或都以现在为基点, 或都以过去为基点。但是，大家要视具 体的语境而定，主句与从句的动词时态 基点有时也可以不同。例如：Where is the girl who offeredme a lot of help just now, sir ?七）保持主句完整性并避免从句成分重 叠性的原则1、 定语从句中不管出现任何情况，都 必须保持主句句子结构的

22、完整性。即主 句必须具备主语和谓语，而且不可缺一。 否则，整个主从复合句也就无法成立。试比较：29) Is this factorywevisited last year?30) Is this the factorywevisited last year?a. whichb. what c. where d. theone分析：1)第一题的主句缺少表语，只有 d项才能保证主句的完整性，而其他选 项均为干扰项。2)第二题的正确选项为 a项，因为先行 词在从句中作宾语。2、在定语从句中关系代词或关系副词 已经代替先行词在从句中独立地或与相 应的介词充当一定的成分。因此，定语 从句中就不能出现与关

23、系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：31) 改错： Excuse me, is this the train that we should take it, madame?分析：该题中that已经代替先行词 train在定语从句中充当及物动词take 的宾语，故与其重叠的成分须去除。八) 专项立刻检测配套练习附：参考答 案请同学们自觉完成以下精选的定语 定语从句的运用能力，请同学们自觉完 成以下精选的定语从句配套练习：1.1 've read all the booksyou offered me.a. whichb. themc. whatd.that2. There isn'

24、;t muchI can do foryou.a. what b. whichc.thatd. how3. She keeps a record ofeverything she had seenthere.whereb. thatc. whichd. what4. Please tell us about the peopleand the placesare differe ntfrom ours.a.thatb. whoc. whichd. whom5. Mr smith said that wen zhouwas the first cityhe hadvisited in chi n

25、a.a. that b. wherec. whichd. what.The TV play I watched lastni ght is the best oneI havewatched this mon th.a. whichb. whatc. whosed.that7. Last sun day they reachedqingdao, a conference wasto be held.a. which b. thatc. whe nd. wheres this themuseumvisited the other day? a.that b. where c.in whichyoud. theone9.1 bega n to work in b