英语经贸知识

1、英语经贸知识重点资料Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The the

2、ory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4. 国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益： absolute

3、advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6. Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient. 随着制造业和技术的发展，岀现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there a

4、rose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.(3) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may deve

5、lop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions.(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.Lesson 21. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.2. Tariff barriers: are

6、 the most common form of trade restriction.3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations

7、is called a customs union.5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to

8、a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given p

9、eriod of time.10. 需求结构：patterns of demand 生产能力： production capabilities 消费爱好： consumption preference 规模经济： economies of scale成本优势：cost advantage 大规模生产：large-scale production 关税和配额：tariffs and quotas 夕卜汇：foreign exchange 革新或款式：innovation or style 移民汇款：immigrant remittance11. capability at/in cost for

10、/of at reasonable costs levied ontake into account without reference to (不针对)make efforts to engage in12. Translation:(1) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.(2) 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。In reality, complete specialization may never take p

11、lace even though it is economically advantageous.(3) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.(4) 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services bet

12、ween countries.(5) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Lesson 31. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold.

13、 If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.

14、4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to t

15、he importer until payment is effected.7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise

16、.9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.10. 外汇管制： foreign exchange control 预付现金： cash in advance 记帐贸易： open account 破产：

17、go bankrupt11. add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with ( 分手)enter into on demand (立即)hand over to (交给)push the sale(促肖)tie up money(占压资金)make/effect payment open/issue/establish L/C with bank in ones favor ( 以谁为受益人 )12. Translation:(1) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。In international tr

18、ade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract.(2) 为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade(3) 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付

19、命令。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.(4) 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。So fa

20、r as the exporters interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A. Lesson 41. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation ofthe relevant documents.

21、2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken either by theadvising bank or another prime bank.3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exporters draft submitted t

22、o it under a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.4. 支付方法： method of payment 发货： dispatch the goods 条款： terms and conditions 保兑信用证： confirmed letter of credit 分批可 转船：partial shipments or transshipment 运载船支：carrying vessel 统一惯例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits5. match with

23、与一致)at the request of be concerned with ( 关心)(1) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.(2) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.(3) 现代

24、信用证在 19 世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.(4) 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the open

25、ing bank, the exporter may sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.(5) 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.Lesson 51. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit.2. Documentary credit: credits t

26、hat require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered or even canceled without c

27、onsulting with thebeneficiary.5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit.6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit

28、 calls for a sight draft.7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date or after sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more part

29、ies, it is a transferable credit.9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality ofdrawing and presenting a draft.10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific a

30、mendment to the credit being made.11. Accompany with/by consult with( 和 协商 )(1) 信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.(2) 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settl

31、ement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.(3) 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.(4) 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为 30 天，60 天甚至可长达 180天。A usance credit obviously call

32、s for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.(5) 如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称 作第二受益人。A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called

33、the first beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.（6）对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make thei

34、r best choice according to the specific conditions.Lesson 61. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2. Firm offer: i

35、s a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable to a

36、 firm offer.3. 业务范围： business line 不可抗力： force majeur 合 同 正 文： contract proper 通常作法： usual practice4. make compensation give rise to disputes （ 引起争执 ）binding upon send/make/mail an offer （ 发盘 ） in relation to （ 关于 ）set up （ 结构 ）5. Translation:（1）合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。A contract is enforc

37、eable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2） 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions or those conducted through international truck calls.（3）买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对

38、发出询盘的人无约束力。Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.（2）这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。 The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages an

39、d disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.（3）过去 10 年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.（4）作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。As a society, we enjoy a richer and more le

40、isurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.（5）最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式 为基础的。Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a prod

41、uction approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.Lesson101. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of individuals and business enterprises transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.2. 对外贸易

42、： overseas trade 时滞： time lag 索赔： claim compensation3. carry /bear/ run the risks （ 承担风险 ）in association with （ 与联合） refer to + n take share占f （-份额） aim at doing （旨在做 ） place upon （放在） be exposed to （暴露） fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap （ 填补空白）4. Translation:（1）保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些

43、不确定因素转移给其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.（2）即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost o

44、r premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.(3) 对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费用也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house o

45、r a car.(4) 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可能腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.(5) 因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and

46、 importers to the underwriters.Lesson111. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversel

47、y affected.2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with indemnity. It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice

48、 for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.4. 价格条件： terms of sale 崭新的： brand-new 占用的资金： the capital tied up 货运代理行： freight forwarder 平安险： F.P.A.(Free Particular Average) 水渍险 : W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)5. take out ( 制定)take over(接管)insure sth with sb ( 通过投保)pay up for (

49、 承担)be substituted for( 取代)be entitled to+n/doing( 有权 力)draw up / make out ( 开出保险单)6. Translation:(1) 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.(2) 尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同

50、无效。Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.(3) 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.(4) 赔偿金额一般包括发

51、票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10% 。The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.(5) 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司不予赔偿。The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.Lesson 121.