Walter Scott

1、Scottish Novelist and Poet3. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.I. Life Storyborn in Edinburghhis familyfathermothergrandmotherstories of the pastbarristerlegends the old Border feudswonderfultalesintense love of Scottish history and tradition 8,high schoolFathers office, lawat the same

2、 time,engaged in writingtranslation fromthe German dramasand poemsThe Lay of the Last Minstrel最末一个行吟诗人最末一个行吟诗人 abandon the law 43, from poetry to novelsa debt of 130,000 pounds writing-machine a vast number of romantic-historical novels died at 60II. Scotts Works 1. Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border

3、, 苏格兰边区歌谣集苏格兰边区歌谣集, which he had collected among the Scottish people for many years.2.The Lay of the Last Minstrel,最末最末一个行吟诗人一个行吟诗人3. Marmion玛密恩玛密恩4. The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人湖上夫人5. Waverley威弗利威弗利, first historical novel.6. Scotts Historical Novels founder and great master of the historical novel 1)

4、tribal mode of life prevailing the mountains or the Highlandsbackground: 2) preservation of feudal customs in the estates of the large landowners 3) early development of capitalism in the big cities from the Middle Ages to the 18th centurysubjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of Eu

5、ropean countries. Waverley 威弗利威弗利 Guy Mannering 盖曼纳合盖曼纳合 Old Morality 清教徒清教徒 Rob Roy罗布罗布罗伊罗伊, the best of the group5.The Heart of Midlothian弥德洛西恩的心弥德洛西恩的心, Of the Scottish history 1. Ivanhoe艾凡赫艾凡赫, Norman Conquest the best of the group2. Kenilworth, 肯纳尔沃思堡肯纳尔沃思堡during the Tudor dynasty3. The Fortune

6、s of Nigel, 尼格尔的家产尼格尔的家产 Stuart rule4. Woodstock 皇家猎宫皇家猎宫The English Revolution5. Peveril of the Peak 贝弗利尔贝弗利尔皮克皮克 the Restoration Of the English history1.Quentin Durward 昆丁昆丁达沃德达沃德,the best-known novel on French history.2. Talisman 惊军英雄记惊军英雄记3. Count Robert of Paris巴黎的罗伯巴黎的罗伯特伯爵特伯爵Of the European c

7、ountries THE HISTORICAL NOVEL- GENERAL FEATURES Historical contextBlend of fictional and real characters/eventsDetailed descriptionThird-person omniscient narratorFlashbacks and time shiftsCloseness of the past to the presentIII. Features of Scotts Novels 1.Scott has an outstanding gift of vivifying

8、 the past. 2. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven交织的，混合的交织的，混合的 with the fates of individuals. 3. In his historical novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of the higher class and that of the ordinary people. 4. He is a romantic. 5. He is a Tory, a conservative in politics.

9、Scotts historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.IVANHOE (1820)1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT12th century EnglandKing Richard the Lionhearts reignThe clash betw

10、een the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans Ivanhoe 1.The title a. Derived from an old rhyme recording the names of three manors forfeited by a nobleman for striking the Black Prince with his tennis racket (“Tring, Wing and Ivanhoe were the three estates”); b. Scotts choice of the title: it has an ancient

11、English sound and it gives no indication of the subject matter of the story ( lest the readers should expect too much).2. Setting The action takes place in England in the summer of 1194, when the nations illustrious warrior king, Richard I, returns to his homeland from the Third Crusade in the Holy

12、Land. Scott describes the specific locale (in northern England, east of present-day Manchester) in the opening paragraph. In that pleasant district of merry England which is watered by the river Don, there extended in ancient times a large forest, covering the greater part of the beautiful hills and

13、 valleys which lie between Sheffield and the pleasant town of Doncaster. The remains of this extensive wood are still to be seen at the noble seats of Wentworth, of Warncliffe Park, and around Rotherham. Here haunted of yore the fabulous Dragon of Wantley; here were fought many of the most desperate

14、 battles during the Civil Wars of the Roses; and here also flourished in ancient times those bands of gallant(英勇的)outlaws(反叛者), whose deeds have been rendered so popular in English song. Such is our chief scene. .Scott sets action in historical towns, such as Sheffield(谢菲尔德(英格兰北部一城市)and Ashby阿什比, an

15、d in fictional towns, such as Templestowe and Rotherwood. Background Issues for Ivanhoe A. Chivalry(骑士精神骑士精神): the code of conduct that governed the knights and noblemen of the Middle-Ages-respect of women, truth, honor, and courage. B. The Crusades:(十字军十字军) wars intended to drive the Turkish invade

16、rs out of the Holy Land, esp. Bethlehem, the birthplace of Christ and Jerusalem, where he was crucified. Churchman, princes, knights, and noblemen united in the attempt for religious zeal and for other reasons. There were althother 7 Crusades in all, lasting from 1096 to 1291, all unsuccessful. C. T

17、he feudal system in the Middle Ages（involving all social classes） a nobleman divides his land among lesser nobles or gentlemen who became his vassals附庸附庸 (they need pay certain rents and fight for him in war). Serfd were the lowest class. A few franklins (freeholders) held their lands independently.

18、 D. Knighthood:(骑士身份 ) the aspiration of every highborn youth unless he was preparing to enter the church. Training lasted from 7 to 21, including the use of lance, sword, battleaxe, and the wearing of armour. Few knights could read or write. At 21 a solemn ceremony completed the training for knight

19、hood. E. Knights Templars(圣殿骑士团): a special order of knights whose duty was to guard the Holy Sepulchre. In addition to the Vows of knighthoos, they were bound not to marry. They were also taught to read and write. At first they were formed by only 9 poor knights who desired the whole group to be pu

20、re and poor. But gradually they corrupted. F. Norman Conquest: taking place in 1066 after a decisive battle at Hastings. But William the conqueror and his successors found it hard to enforce the Norman rule on the conquered Saxons, and not until the 14thC. did the intermixture of the two peoples bec

21、ome complete. G. Plantagenet金雀花王朝金雀花王朝 kings: (rule from 1154 to 1458) The father of Henry II, a Frenchman, wore a sprig of yellow broom flower in his helmet, Richard I was the second of the Plantagenet kings. H. Robin Hood: a legendary outlaw who was a good archer and lived in the Sherwood Forest w

22、ith his band. He was Locksley in Ivanhoe. I. The tournaments:important contests in the MiDDLE Ages. They were actually practice sessions for war. Knights showed their prowess and developed their skill. The tournament at Ashby-de-la-Zouche actually took place.3. CharactersKing Richard the king is see

23、n by all as a focus for their loyalty, as the ultimate aim of their chivalry. He is forgiving of his brothers misdeeds and seems occasionally ill tempered and lacks judgement. He does, however, command the love and respect of his subjects and shows the ability to get along with all members of his re

24、alm, from the lower classes to the nobility. . Wilfred of Ivanhoe the eponymous同名的 character is strong-willed to the point of foolhardiness蛮勇exhibiting all the virtues associated with chivalry. He is a study in the rather characterless heroes of Chaucerian literature and the Arthurian legends Cedric

25、 descended from an old Saxon family, Cedric stands for the ancient order and the nobility of the English. He rebels against the ignominy of Norman rule and longs for a reestablishment of Saxon rule. He is representative of the frankness and straight talking which Scott sees as a traditional English

26、characteristic in the face of the wily-tongued French whose wit with words often confounds Cedric. Rowena the female heroine. She has more character than her male counterpart, Ivanhoe. Cedric wishes her to marry the unappealing Athelstane (a member of an ancient Saxon clan). Rowena is pure and full

27、of good humour and is rather surprised at the depth of her feeling for Ivanhoe. Rebecca the daughter of Isaac the Jew. She is beautiful and passionately in love with Ivanhoe to the disgust of her admirer Brian de Bois-Guilbert. She is blessed with the gift of healing but uses it indiscriminately, ca

28、using her to be accused of witchcraft. Aethelstane known as the Unready (meaning badly advised), this patronym immediately alerts us to the fact that he is from an old Saxon family (calling to mind as it does Aethelred the Unready. Aethelstane represents all that is most upright and honourable about

29、 Saxons: for example their steadiness and solidity.Prince John as in Shakespeares play King John, John is a manipulative and evil character, trusting and trusted by no one. Like Hitler, Prince John maintains power by playing on the ambition of those below him. He keeps himself at the head of his cro

30、nies by a divide and rule policy.4. Ivanhoe the Plot Ivanhoe, an Anglo-Saxon nobleman, is in love with Rowena, who returns his love. His father contrasts their love, disinherits剥夺剥夺 . 继承权继承权and banishes驱逐驱逐, 流放流放him. Ivanhoe joins King Richard I at the Crusades. When he returns he finds the country

31、in a state of oppression压迫压迫 due to the Norman invaders and to Richards brother, Prince John. The Normans are led by the evil Templar knight Bois Guilbert. Bois- Guilbert has fallen in love with Rebecca a Jewish girl, daughter of a money-lender. Rebecca is accused of witchcraft魔法或巫术魔法或巫术and Ivanhoe

32、defends her in a tournament in which Bois-Gilbert dies Ivanhoe with the help of Richard I (disguised as the Black Knight) and Locksley (Robin Hood) defeats the Normans. The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans learn to live together; Ivanhoe and Rowena are united; Rebecca leaves England with her father.5. C

33、onflicts The novel centers on the (1) general conflict the Norman rulers of England and the native Saxons and (2) specific conflicts between individuals, notably the conflict between Ivanhoe and his father. The narrator reports the status of relations between Normans and Saxons in Chapter 1 6. Clima

34、x The climax of a novel or another literary work, such as a short story or a play, can be defined as (1) the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as (2) the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The climax of Ivanhoe occurs, according to

35、 the first definition, when the Saxon army, with the help of King Richard (in disguise as the Black Knight), defeat the Normans at Torquilstone. According to the second definition, the climax occurs when Ivanhoe fights and defeats Brian de Bois-Guilbert in the trial by combat.7. Themes 1). Division

36、and Reconciliation和解,调和 From the beginning of Ivanhoe to the end, the novel centers on efforts to maintain or eliminate rancorous divisions. These divisions include the rifts separating Ivanhoe from his father, Normans from Saxons, and Christians from Jews. Ivanhoe and his father eventually reconcil

37、e和谐, enabling Ivanhoe to marry Rowena, and the Saxons accept Norman rule under the righteous Norman king, Richard I. However, although Rebecca tries mightily to heal divisions between Christians and Jews, most of the Christians at the end of the novel refuse to regard Jews as their equals. 2). Triumph of Good Over Evil Ivanhoe, King Richard, Robin of Locksley, and other virtuous and upright characters in the novel prevail. Rebecca gains exoneration免罪 from the charge of witchcraf