阅读理解-练习十六

1、阅读理解 - 练习十六( 总分： 20.00 ，做题时间： 90 分钟 )一、 Text A ( 总题数： 1，分数： 4.00)Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, many

2、aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corr

3、upt act.Corruption within police departments falls into two basic categories, which are external corruption and internal corruption: external corruption that concerns police contacts with the public, and internal corruption, which involves the relationshipsamong policemen within the workof the polic

4、e department. The external corruption generally consists of one or more of the following activities: 1) Payoffs to police by essentially non-criminal elements who fail to comply with stringent statutes or city ordinances (for example, individuals who repeatedly violate traffic laws). 2) Payoffs to p

5、olice by individuals who continually violate the law as a method of making money (for example, prostitutes, narcotic addicts and pushers, professional burglars).3) "Clean Craft" where money is paid to police for services, or where courtesy discounts are given as a matter of course to the p

6、olice.In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) misuse of authority, 2) mis

7、use of official capacity, and 3) misuse of personal attainment. It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other membersof society, people are often shocked a

8、nd outraged when policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple. Their deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal.Most studies support the view that corruptionis endemic, if not universal, in police departments. The danger of corruption for police may invert the formal goals of th

9、e organization and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it.(分数： 4.00 )(1) .The author implies in the first paragraph that (分数： 1.00 )A. aspects of police corruption have undergone some changes.B. it seems impossible to stop police corruption.

10、C. cases of policemen violating the law are quite often exposed.VD. police corruption is not supposed to be reported by national newspapers.解析：这是一道推断题。根据第一段的最后一句话“ An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publicationon any given day will have an article about a police officer that g

11、otbusted committing some kind of corrupt act”，人们只要关注任何一天的当地报纸或有关警事的刊物，就会读到一篇有关某一位警察因某一违法行为而遭到拘捕的报道，也就是说警察违法经常受到曝光， 故选Co A项与作者所述正相反，作者在本段的第三句话里指出，自从有警察腐败以来，警界里有许多方面 发生了变化，但只有一件事没有变化，那就是腐败的存在，故A不可取。作者承认，腐败依然存在，但他并没有说腐败无法根绝，故B项不成立。D项也与文章内容不符，警察违法时常被地方媒体或警事刊物曝光，但这不等于说国家报纸不报道类似事件。(2) .Which of the follow

12、ing activities is NOTincluded in the external corruption as is described by the author in the passage? (分数： 1.00 )A. Payoffs to police for repeatedly violating traffic laws.B. Bribery for being let go after caught for committing corruption.VC. Money paid to police for being engaged in dishonest trad

13、es.D. Policemen accepting free services or special discounts.解析：这是一道反选细节题。题目中的关键词是“ external corruption ”，学生需要回到第二段，扫读与a external corruption ”相关的细节，也就是外部腐败的具体表现。A项与第一条的表现相对应，D项在第三条“ Clean Craft ”中有对应的描述， C项所指对应第二条表现，所以这三项都应排除。唯有B项不属于“external corruption ”的表现，而是属于“ internal corruption ” （内部腐败 ）的范围，故选

14、 B。（3）.The word "deviance" in the third paragraph most probable means（分数： 1.00）A. violation. VB. visualization.C. derivation.D.devotion.解析：本题是一道语义题，对这个词要根据上下文来理解。上文谈到警察违法被曝光后，人们往往感到震惊和怒不可遏“ people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed violating the law”；下文解释人们为何对警察犯罪尤为愤

15、慨，“ The reason is simple feeling of betrayal.” 其中“ deviance ”与 “violating the law（4）.The main purpose of the passage is to（分数： 1.00）Their deviance elicits a special”相对应，故选AoA.analyze the phenomenon and nature of police corruption.VB. identify various cases of police corruption.C. point out the inevi

16、tability of police corruption.D. distinguish police external corruption from internal corruption.解析：本题是一道主旨题，考查学生对全文的概括能力。文章开头的一句话点明了文章的要旨：警察腐败是一种复杂的现象，很难做一个简单的分析。作者的言下之意是将做一个深入的分析。因此，作者在文章中从腐败的类型、腐败的性质和腐败的危害着几方面来进行分析，故选Ao B项和D项对应的是作者在文章第二段分析和举例说明的两种类型的警察腐败，分别只是作者分析的一个方面，不能概括全文。C项与文章的内容有出入， 作者指出警察腐败

17、现象一直存在，而且还将继续存在，但作者没有说腐败是必然的。Text B （ 总题数： 1，分数： 3.00）We are always between tears and laughter, meeting crisis, big and little. Just by being people, we are always in trouble-with hurt feelings, defeated ambitions, unrequired love, grief and loneliness. The truth is that when we are in trouble we di

18、scover swiftly and painfully what kind of inner resources, what imperishable treasures of mind we have deposited in the bank of the spirit against this rainy day.The people who fail to meet the stresses and strains of life are often those who have never learned to cherish the little happiness when i

19、t comes along.But the little happiness is transient, a sweet accident . Wecan cultivate a more enduring resource. In our minds all events happen, all joys live, all sorrows find philosophy that tempers them.Here is a citadel that cannot be taken, a region of peace where storm cannot enter unless we

20、welcome it. Then there is a resource of character. Character means many things, but it has no component more valuable than the habit of doing what has to be done. The people who sustain grief and calamity best have accepted life as difficult, which in itself is brave, but they are also prepared to w

21、alk up to the peril, the grief, the disaster, and do what is needed.Another great resource is the resource of love. We are, in a deep sense, what our relationshipsto other human beings make us. Only the discipline of human sympathy keeps life from growing poor and brittle. If we keep our sympathy an

22、d understanding alive, then we will feel so warm a bond with other people that in time of trouble it will hearten us just to look into the faces of our fellow men and feel the comforting sense of our common human destiny.Work is yet another resource, as well as great therapy, against pain. The more

23、difficult and challenging the thing we are working at, the better, for we can't work hard without using up some of the energy that might go into self-pity.Finally, there is a resource of faith, of belief in life's essential goodness. To be sure, life is not always fair. But it is good and jo

24、yous nonetheless; and the most courageous thing one can do is snatch joy out of the very path of pain.The thing to remember is that, in joy and sorrow alike, life itself is precious. And perhaps we never have any need to ask of it more than this; that it gives us a chance to be what we can be; exper

25、ience what we can experience; and love what we can love.（分数： 3.00 ）（1）.The writer implies in the passage that （分数： 1.00 ）A. people are more likely to feel depressed and lonely on a rainy day.B. if we see our fellow people also suffer like us, we'll feel better.C. people who sustain grief and cal

26、amity prefer a perilous life.D. our life is so cherishable with both joy and sorrow.V解析：本题是一道推断题，考查学生对全文细节的把握。根据作者在最后两段作的归结性描述，人生不总 是善待每一个人的，而人生最应该做的是：在痛苦的旅程中赢得欢乐； 我们应该时刻牢记：无论是有欢乐 还是有悲伤，生活都是宝贵的。由此可见，D项最符合题意。A项与作者的原意不符，作者在文中的“ rainy day”是一个比喻，指的是人处于情绪低潮的时刻。B项错在对第四段最后一句话的理解上，这句话的意思是，如果我们对别人持有同情心和理解之心，

27、当我们处于逆境时，我们只要看看周围的人，就会感到一种 温暖的联系，同时感受到一种人类共命运的安慰，也就是说，别人也会对我们抱有同情和理解。C项错在对第三段最后一句话的理解上，这句话是说：遭受悲伤和灾难的人，已接受了生活充满困难这一事实，这 样做本身就是勇敢的表现，他们已准备好了面对危险、悲痛 和灾难，他们会做应该做的事。（2）.By comparing the little happiness to "a sweet accident" （Paragraph 3）, the author probably means （分数：1.00）A. the little happi

28、ness is too trivial to be noticed.B. happy moment lead to grief as it is too short-lived.C. happy moment comes along unexpected and passes quickly.VD. there is something that makes people happy and sad at the same tim解析：本题是一道隐含的语义题，考查学生对“ sweet accident ”的理解。文章中的整句话是“： But the little happiness is tr

29、ansient, a sweet accident”这里，可以将“ a sweet accident ”看成是“transient ” （短暂的）的补充说明，故选 C。其余三项与词义不符。（3）.Which of the following best sums up the main idea of the passage?（分数： 1.00）A. Cultivating Enduring Resources.VB. How to Treasure Our Life.C. What Should People Live For.D. What Can We Get form Lif解析：本题为

30、主旨题。在文章中作者谈得最多的是如何培养内心的力量源泉以面对生活中的逆境。文章第 一段的最后一句话是全文的主旨句，意思是每当我们处于逆境，我们即刻就痛苦地发现，在我们的精神宝库里我们储蓄了什么样的内心的财源，这种取自不竭的财宝帮助我们抵御人生的雨季。在以下几段里，作 者分别描述了性格、爱、工作和信仰 这四种内心力量的源泉如何帮助人们度过人生的低潮。由此可见，A项为正确的选择。三、Text C （ 总题数： 1，分数： 5.00）Until recently, women in advertisements were one of three things-an apron, a glamoro

31、us dress or a frown. Although that is now changing, many womenstill feel angry enough to deface offending advertisements with stickers protesting, "This ad degrades women." Why does this sort of advertising exist? How can advertisers and ad agencies produce, sometimes, after months of rese

32、arch, advertising that offends the consumer?The Advertising Standards Authority （the body which deals with complaints about print media） is carrying out research into how women feel about the way they are portrayed in advertisements.Its conclusions are likely to be what the advertising industry alre

33、ady knows: although womenare often irritated by the way they are seen in ads, few feel strongly enough to complain.Women are not the only victims of poor and boring stereotypes-in many TV commercials men are seen either as useless, childish oafs （ 笨蛋，低能儿 ） who are unable to perform the simplest hous

34、ehold tasks, or as in considerate books, permanently on the lookout for an escape to the pub. But it is women who seem to bear the brunt of the industry's apparent inability to put people into an authentic present-day context.Yet according to EmmaBennett, executive creative director of a London

35、advertising agency, women are not infuriated by stereotypes and sexist advertising. It tends to wash over them, they are not militant or angry-they just find it annoying or tiresome. They reluctantly accept outdated stereotypes, but heave a sigh of relief when an advertisement really gets it right.S

36、he says that it is not advertising's use of the housewife role that bothers women, but the way in which it is handled. "Researchers have often asked the wrong questions. The most important thing is the advertisement's tone of voice. Women hate being patronized, flattered or given desper

37、ately down-to-earth commonsense advice."In the end, the responsibility for good advertising must be shared between the advertiser, the advertising agency and the consumer. Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them. It is up to the consumer to tell advertisers where they fail, and unt

38、il people on the receiving end take the business seriously and make their feelings known, the process of change will remain laboriously slow.（分数： 5.00 ）（1）.Despite recent changes in attitudes, some advertisements still fail to （分数： 1.00 ）A. change women's opinions of themselves.B. show any under

39、standing of women's feelings.VC. persuade the public to buy certain products.D. meet the needs of the advertising industry.解析：这是一道推断题。题干中的关键词“ recent changes”表明此题的答案在第一段，在这一段作者描述了广告如何将妇女类型化以及妇女所做出的反应。根据这一段的第二句话“ Although that is now changing ， many women still feel angry enough to deface offendi

40、ng advertisements with stickers protesting ，“This ad degrades women ”我们得知：事情虽有一些改变，但仍有冒犯妇女的广告出现， 这说明从事广告业的人还是不了解妇女的感受。所以，B为正确选项。选项A “改变女性对自己的看法”显然不是本文讨论的主题，故不可取。选项C “说服人们去买产品”和选项 D “满足广告行业的需求”与文章的基调相悖，因而不可取。（2）.Accordingto the writer, the commonest fault of present-day advertising is to （分数： 1.00 ）A

41、. condemn the role of the housewife.B. ignore protests against advertisements.C. present a misleading image of women.VD. misrepresent the activities of men. 解析：本题为推断题，要求学生从作者的字里行间体味出作者的看法。作者在第一段中描述了许多女性对 冒犯她们的一些广告的反应：“ This ad degrades women ”作者在第三段的最后一句话里批评了广告行 业明显没有能够将广告中的人物放到真实的环境中：“ But it is wo

42、men who seem to bear the brunt ofthe industry's apparent inability to put people into an authentic present-day context”结合这两点，我们可以看出，广告呈现了被歪曲了的女性形象，故C为正确的选项。A项不正确，因为文章中并没有提到广告对家庭主妇这一角色的谴责。B项与文章内容不符，从作者引用Bennett的话来看，广告商还是在意人们对广告的反应的。文章中虽也提到一些在广告中被类型化了的男性形象，但这不是当今广 告的主要问题，也不是作者要讨论的议题，故D也要被排除。（3）.Em

43、ma Bennett suggests that advertisement ought to（分数： 1.00 ）A. give further emphasis to practical advice.B. change their style rather than their content.C. use male images instead of female ones.选项 B 正与 EmmaBennett 的话相对应： “She says role that bothers ， women, but the way in whichD. pay more compliments

44、 to women than befor 解析：这是一道推断题， 考核学生对文章第五段的理解。 that it is not advertising's use ofthe housewife it is handled ”在这里，“ the way in which it is handled ”指的就是广告的表达方式，与“ style ” 在意思上相近，故选 B。其余三个选项在 Emma Bennett的话中得不到体现，故均不可取。(4) .Ultimately the advertising industry should(分数： 1.00 )A. take its job mo

45、re earnestly.B. do more pioneering work.C. take notice of the public opinion.VD. concentrate on the products advertise解析：这是一道推断题。题干中的关键词“ ultimately ”与文章最后一段“ in the end” 相对应，提示学 生：此题考核学生对文章最后一段的理解。作者认为，要做好广告的话，广告策划人、广告公司以及顾客者B要承担一部分责任(the responsiblyfor good advertising must be shared between the a

46、dvertiser,the advertising agency and the consumer)，而广告业的责任不是规定潮流方向，而是反映社会倾向(Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them)，要反映社会倾向，就得关注民意，所以，选项C最接近作者意图。A项所指不在本文的议题范围内，文章的注意点在广告业与顾客关系上，而不在 广告业对自己工作的态度上。B项所示与作者的本意相悖，作者认为广告业的责任不是规定潮流方向，也就是说，不应该做先驱性的工作。D项所指在文中没有提及。(5) .The author seems to suggest

47、 that in order to improve advertising the customer should(分数： 1.00 )A. remind advertisers of what have been overlooked.VB. take over the management of advertising agencies.C. take no notice of what is reflected in ads.D. refuse to buy products misrepresented by some ads. 解析：这是一道细节题，但需要一番推理。根据这篇文章的结构

48、，作者在最后一段表述了自己对如何做好 广告的看法， 所以，此题考核学生对最后一段的理解。 作者对顾客的 建议是： “to tell advertisers where they fail 和“ make their feelings knowr”，就是说，当广告商忽视了某一问题时，顾客要告诉他们， 顾客要让广告商知道自己的感受。所以，A项正与此对应。选项 B错在混淆概念，顾客得时常提醒广告商并不意味顾客要接管广告业。选项C与作者给顾客的建议相矛盾。选项D在文中没有对应的细节。四、Text D ( 总题数： 1，分数： 4.00)Most inhabitants of cities earn t

49、heir income by the provision of goods and services to other inhabitants of the same city, so they frequently fail to realize that in the finalanalysis everycity is dependent for its survival on the world beyond its boundaries. This is true not only in the obvious sense that commodities must be suppl

50、ied from outside the city to feedand clothe theurban population and fuel its machinery, but also in the more fundamental sense that a city exists in a particular location only because that site enables it to serve the economic and political needs of areas outside the city.Geographers and economists

51、categorize as "basic enterprises" those enterprises which produce goods or perform services largely for sale outside the city. A factory producing cars would be a basic enterprise, but one producing bottled drinks for the local market would be not. The ratio of workers in basic enterprises

52、 to workers serving the internal markets of the city itself is designated the "basic-service ratio".The basic service ratio varies with the size of the city. In a very small city of 10,000, the ratio is roughly 2 to 1, but in a major city of 100,000 the ratio is 1 to 2. In other words the

53、largest cities generate so much internal demandfor goods and services that only a third of their labor force is likely to be involved in activities serving the surrounding territory. Nevertheless it is the surrounding territory which sustains the city, for the city as an economic unit would have no

54、income if those who inhabited it merely served one another, and consequently it could not survive. No city has ever been self-sustaining.But what is the "surrounding territory" of a major city? Most exchanges of goods and services between a city and other regions occur within a 100-mile re

55、gion of the city, but it is obvious that all cities have at least some economic relations with places much more distant than that. For instance most manufactured products can be distributed economically by road anywhere within a 450-mile radius of the factory where they are produced, and goods which

56、 can be transported by ship or sent by train can reach even more distant markets. Thus the "surrounding territory" served by a major city may include the entire world.(分数： 4.00 )(1) .According to the author, the particular location of a city enables it (分数： 1.00 )A. to attract more people

57、from other areas.B. to serve the needs of other cities.C. to serve the needs of areas outside the city.VD. to serve the needs of areas inside the city.解析：本题是一道细节题。选项C在第一段的最后一句话中得到对应：“a city exists in a particularlocation only because that site enables it to seive the economic and political needs of

58、areas outside the city .”所以，C是正确选项。A项在文中没有相应的细节支持，B项与文章内容不符，因为城市周围的地区不仅仅只有城市，也包括乡镇农村。选项D与作者原意相矛盾。(2) .The word "sustain" in the passage (Paragraph 3) probably means(分数： 1.00 )A. support.VB. survive.C. suspend.D. circulat解析：本题是一道语义题。关键词“ sustain ”出现在第三段倒数第二句话里：“ Nevertheless itis thesurroun

59、ding territory which sustains the city. for the city as an economic unit would have noincome if those who inhabited it merely served one another, and consequently it could not survive . 根据上下文来判断，这里上文的“ sustain "对应下文的“ income”，因而可以判断“sustain "的意思就 是“ support ”，故选 A。(3) .According to the passage, "basic enterprises"(分数： 1.00 )A. pro