研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词

1、 1 单词 Lesson 1 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性 constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面 meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journal

2、 bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承 metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触 Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion运动不精确 inertia惯性 particle 质点 rigid body刚体 deformable可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体 Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass质量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度

3、Moment力矩，弯矩 Momentum动量，冲量 Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Work：功 muscular action肌肉动作 mechanical motion机械运动 stretch an object拉伸对象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：压力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shear

4、ing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲对象 Slide滑，脱落 Slip滑动，滑移 in compression受压 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工 wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 lathe dog车床夹头 centrifugal force ：离心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮 bonding agent ：粘合剂 abrasive particle：磨料颗粒 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械 Centrifuge离心机，

5、离心作用 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理 centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回转运动 rectilinear motion：直线运动 hand tool手工工具 power tool动力工具 feed：进给 shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工 power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆” harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动

6、 return stroke：快速回程 shaper ram：刨床滑枕 Pulley滑轮 Screw螺丝钉 Belt带 Link链 Lesson 3 2 Interactive互相作用的 Iterative重复的, 反复的, 迭代的 Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认 Equilibrium 平衡，均衡 Tractable 易于处理或操作的 Order of magnitude 数量级 Ideally理想的情况下 so as to为了 with any precision很少精确 idealize理想化 idealization 理想化 strength of materials材料力学 Dy

7、namics动力学 Approximations近似值 be inherent in为、所固有，是、的固有性质 Render提出，给予，描绘 degrading the result使结果降级 pertinent有关 prohibitive令人望而却步 Influx流入，注入，涌进，汇集 Lesson 5 Sprocket链轮 snap ring 卡环 Universal joints万向联轴器 Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承，球面轴承, 自位轴承 Dry ice干冰 Shot-peening喷丸硬化处理 Pin销 Key键 Spline花键 Couplings联轴器 n

8、ondriving wheel非驱动轮 idler gear空转齿轮，换向齿轮 be subjected to承受 Fluctuate变动，波动，起伏 alternating bending stress交变弯曲应力 deflections挠度 lateral shaft deflection横向轴的挠度 angular deflection角偏转 non-self- aligning bearings非自调心轴承 Torsional deflection扭转变形 critical speed临界速度 Attachment of the hub毂的附件 Keyway键槽 Axial轴向 Cir

9、cumferential圆周方向 Positioning定位 Retaining固定 retaining ring定位环 hub-to-shaft attachments轮毂与轴之间的连接 interference fit过盈配合 hub bore毂孔 bending moment弯矩 cold-rolling冷轧 relative slope相对倾斜 Journal轴颈 plain bearing 滑动轴承 Lesson 6 Clutch 离合器 Brake 制动器 Friction 摩擦 Chain 链，链条 Timing belt 同步带 Belt drive 带传动 coefficie

10、nt of friction摩擦系数 rayon人造纤维 timing belt同步带 V-belt drive V带传动 Foregoing在前的，前述的 fatigue life疲劳寿命 power transmitted电力传输 rotatable shaft可以转动的轴，从动轴 rotating shaft转动轴，主动轴 input shaft输入轴 output shaft输出轴 unloaded state空载状态 Rotor转子 rotational inertia转动惯量 torque capacity 扭矩容量 kinetic and potential energy动能和势

11、能 provision 规定 thermal capacity 热容量 thermal stress热应力 thermal distortion热变形 rubbing velocity摩擦速度 Lining内衬，衬套 empirical value经验值 Chain drives链传动 gear drives齿轮传动 speed ratio速比 shaft separation distance轴间隔距离 arbitrary center distance任意的中心距 3 positive (no slip) drive强制(无滑动)传动 synchronized motion同步运动 con

12、veyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery传送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械 chain loop链环 40-kW power ratings ：40千瓦的额定功率 Lesson 9 Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承 Silicon硅 Titanium 钛 Adherence 粘附，附着 gas turbine engines 燃气涡轮发动机 liquid lubricant液体润滑剂 Exploit利用，发挥，使用 Tribological 摩擦学的 ceramic rolling bearing陶瓷滚动轴承 thermo-mecha

13、nical热机械 Tool steel工具钢 Aeroengine航空发动机 practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限 virtual exclusion虚拟排斥 hot pressed 热压 hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的 silicon nitride Si3N4 rolling contact fatigue滚动接触疲劳 low fracture toughness低的断裂韧性 coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数 thermal conductivity导热系数 thermal diff

14、usivity热扩散系数，温度扩散率 oxidation resistance抗氧化性 Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力 Solid lubricant固体润滑剂 synthetic lubricant合成润滑剂 unconventional lubricant非常规润滑剂 boundary lubrication边界润滑 wear resistance耐磨性 tribo-chemical film摩擦化学膜 Shear剪切，切断 heat stable热稳定 Imperative命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的 Lesson 14 Melting point熔点

15、Specific heat比热 Specific gravity比重 Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合 thermal conductivity热导率，导热率 thermal expansion热膨胀 corrosion resistance耐蚀性 reduce inertial force减小惯性力 Substitution 替换 recrystallization temperature再结晶温度 Annealing退火 heat treating热处理 hot working热加工 minor 微小的 surface roughness 表面粗糙度 Metallurgical冶金

16、学的 Titanium钛 thermal gradient热梯度 relative expansion相对膨胀 glass-to-metal seals玻璃 - 金属密封件 Shrink fit冷缩配合，收缩配合 Deterioration恶化，变质，退化 Degradation降解，老化，退化 petroleum 石油 elevated temperature高温 Alkalis碱 oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain氧气，湿气，污染和酸雨 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic

17、 materials, 有色金属，不锈钢，和非金属材料 cast iron铸铁 chromium铬 protective film保护膜 Lesson 28 Basic size基本尺寸 Deviation偏差 Interchangeable互换性 Interchangeability互换性 Unilateral, bilateral, and limit forms.单边的，双边的和极限形式 plus-or-minus加或减 theoretical dimension理论尺寸 basic dimension基本尺寸 Terminology术语 definition 定义 Tolerance公

18、差 Clearance fit间隙配合 Interference fit过盈配合 Transition fit过度配合 Selective assembly选择装配 4 by trial and error用试凑法 basic hole system基孔制 basic shaft system基轴制 International tolerance (IT) grade公差等级 Tolerance symbols公差符号 tolerance zone公差带 uppercase letter大写字母 lowercase letter小写字母 surface texture表面纹理 surface

19、finish表面光洁度 roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.粗糙度，波纹度，加工纹理方向和缺陷 irregularities in the surface表面不平度 Cutoff中止，截止 Superimpose重叠，叠加 Waviness波度 Interval间隔 cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches裂纹，气孔，检查，划痕 Lesson 43 Burr 毛刺 Saw 锯 Hacksaw弓锯 Plasma 等离子体 Sophistication复杂化，完善，采用先进技术 Simplicity简单 Sophisticated

20、复杂的 durable耐用的，耐久的 alloy steel合金钢 carbide碳化物 diamond金刚石 Harnessed驾驭，治理 tough强硬 Deburr去毛刺，去飞翅 Welding焊接 Impose利用，施加影响 nontraditional manufacturing processes非传统制造工艺 drilling钻孔 sawing锯切 broaching拉床 electric motors电动马达 Hydraulics液压 gravity重力 electric arcs电弧 Harness利用 electrochemical 电化学 plasmas等离子体 jets

21、 of liquids and abrasives液体和磨料射流 magnetic field磁场 Explosive爆炸 electric spark电火花 high-frequency sound waves高频声波 beams of electron电子束 Reject排斥，抵制 in-process breakage过程中的破损 Aforementioned上述的，前面提到的 reliability 可靠性 vision systems, laser gages视觉系统，激光测量 Metallurgical冶金 Implementation履行 Lesson 62 Conceive 构

22、思 Tedious 单调乏味的 Optimum 最佳效果 Information Age信息时代 Metalworking金属加工 come full circle回到原地，绕了一圈 interchangeability互换性 specialized functions特殊功能 integrated manufacturing system集成制造系统 diversify多样化 Reflex反射，映像，回复 flexibility灵活性 integration 集成 Superquality高质量 Superproductivity高生产率 Conflicting不一致的，冲突的 gettin

23、g the most out如何充分利用 quality assurance质量保证 materials handling材料处理 Schedule时间表，进度表，计划表 shop floor车间 distributed intelligence分布式智能 microprocessors controlled machines微处理器控制的机器 Instantaneously瞬间，即时 tighter 更紧 producible可生产 Instantaneous瞬间 work-in-process在制零件 tedious乏味 not to mention更何况 5 Lure吸引，诱惑 cont

24、racted out.承包出去，订合同把工作包出去 Lesson 64 Simulator 模拟装置, 仿真装置 Terrain 地区, 地带 Planar 平面的 marketable销售 closed-loop process闭环过程 Factory automation工厂自动化 central data base中央数据库 computer-aided design computer-aided manufacturing computer-aided product design计算机辅助产品设计 computer-aided analysis计算机辅助分析 computer-aid

25、ed drafting,计算机辅助绘图 design sensitivity analysis设计敏感性分析 Optimization最佳化，优化 model simulator模型模拟器 substitute替代 laboratory or field test实验室或现场测试 manufacturability生产能力 on-line control在线控制 simulate模拟 Prototype原型 repetitive重复 electrical and electronic circuits电气和电子电路 algorithm算法 finite-element 有限元 computat

26、ional technique计算技术 multi- body mechanical system多体机械系统 formulating the equation制定公式 numerical method数值方法 special-purpose program专用程序 general- purpose program通用程序 rigidly structure刚性结构 flexibility灵活性 planar motion平面运动 four-bar linkage四连杆机构 spatial motion空间运动 rough terrain崎岖的地形 Connectivity连通性，连接性 fo

27、rce element力单元 governing equation控制方程 coordinate协调 nonlinearity 非线性 Lesson 71 Industrial robot 工业机器人 Printed circuit boards印刷电路板 Shutdown停工，关闭 robot installation机器人安装 single- purpose machines单一用途的机器 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际标准化组织（ISO） reprogrammable可重复编程 multipurpose man

28、ipulator多功能机械手 Robot Institute of America(RIA)美国机器人协会（RIA） Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA)日本工业机器人协会（JIRA） British Robot Association (BRA)英国机器人协会（BRA） reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator可重新编程的多功能机械手 multifunctional多功能 multifunctional多功能 end-effector末端执行器 articulated arm 关节臂 articulate

29、d 关节式的，铰链的 U. S. Atomic Energy Commission美国原子能委员会 Unsophisticated不复杂的 materials handling machine材料搬运机 General Motors Corporation通用汽车公司 die casting machine压铸机 die casting 压力铸造，压铸 Gripper手爪 degrees of freedom (DOF)自由度（DOF） Unimation万能自动化公司 jointed-spherical robot关节式球面机器人 welding, painting焊装，涂装 inspect

30、ion检查 fully automated production line全自动生产线 vehicle chassis汽车底盘 conveyor输送带 Assemble组装 a sequence of一序列的 Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs)大规模生产的印刷电路板（PCB） pick-and-place robot拾取和放置机器人 surpassing 超越 reliability可靠性 inflation of wages通货膨胀的工资 imperative势在必行，必要的 Parting分离的，离别的 robot cells机器人单元

31、6 danger zone危险区 marked off关闭标记 precaution预防措施 shutdown system 停车系统 Setting位置，安装，环境 翻译 Lesson2 Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend

32、to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed. 对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。因此，砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给

33、定的安全表面速度限制。离心力随转速的增加而增大。 The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appl

34、iances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines. 离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。一些离心分离机用于分离化学制品；还有的通过离心铸造工艺分离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。 Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous

35、application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite

36、 to the centrifugal force. 向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉（轨道）中心的力的持续作用。换句话说，这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度，这个向心力与离心力大小相等，方向相反。 Lesson3 Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in “equilibrium,” i.e., not accelerating. However, if we look closely enough, everything is accelerat

37、ing. We will consider many structural members to be “weightless”but they never are. We will deal with forces that act at a “point” but all forces act over an area. We will consider some parts to be “rigid”but all bodies will deform under load. 首先，我们讨论的是处于“平衡”状态即没有加速的物体。然而任何东西都在加速，如果我们观察足够仔细的话。我们认为很多

38、结构件是“没有重量”的但它们从来不是这样；我们认为力的作用在一个“点”上，但所有力都作用在一个区域上；我们认为有些零件是“刚体的”但所有物体在负载下都会变形。 We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But these assumptions should always render the problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to make as many simplifying assumptions as possible

39、without seriously degrading the result. 我们都会作一些明显是错误的假设。但这些假设常可能使问题简化，更容易驾驭。你会发现目标是只要不使结果严重降级（歪曲），就尽可能多的做出简化的假设。 Generally there is no clear method to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem: If our analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is

40、too detailed, we may not be able to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more detail as required to obtain a practical solution. 通常没有明确的方法去确定怎么完整（全面）或精确的去处理问题：如果我们的分析太简单，（我们）可能不会得到一个中肯的答案；如果我们的分析太详细，（我们）也许得不到任何答案。通常更好的是从相对简单的分析开始，添加一些需要的

41、细节以获得实用解。 7 During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and

42、use has decreased by orders of magnitude. 5 We are experiencing an influx of personal computers on campus, in the home, and in business. 在过去20年间，用以解决问题的计算机方法可用性得到了巨大的提升，过去不能解决是因为解决问题所需要的时间受到限制。同时计算机的性能成本和使用成本有成数量级的降低。我们在校园里、在家中，在商务场所都正在经历着一个“个人计算机”的浪潮。 Lesson5 1.Keep shafts as short as possible, wit

43、h bearings close to the applied loads. This reduces deflections and bending moments, and increase critical speeds. 2. Place necessary stress raisers away from highly stressed shaft regions if possible.9 Consider local surface strengthening processes (as shot-peening or cold-rolling).10 3.Use inexpen

44、sive steels for deflection-critical shafts, as all steels have essentially the same modulus. 4.When weight is critical , consider hollow shafts. 1.保持轴尽可能短，与轴承接近施加的载荷。这减少了变形和弯曲力矩，并增大临界速度。 2.尽可能使必要的应力集中源远离轴上承受较高应力的区域。考虑采用局部表面强化工艺（诸如喷丸强化和常温滚压） 3.使用廉价的钢材用于偏转临界轴，因为所有的钢具有基本相同的弹性模量。 4，当重量是至关重要时，考虑空心轴。 Less

45、on9 The importance of requiring a lubricating film cannot be over emphasized, even when using ceramic materials.7 Unlubricated silicon nitride or silicon carbide do not inherently have low friction, nor good wear resistance. These properties can be obtained with the aid of solid lubricants which are

46、 compatible with the materials.Silicon nitride, lubricated for example with graphite containing high temperature additive, can form a tribo-chemical film which reduces the coefficient of friction and, as a consequence, minimizes heat generation. The reduction in friction depends on the easier sheari

47、ng of the film compared with the base material. For bearing operation at ultra-high temperaturesabove 550solid lubricants which are more heat stable than graphite are being considered. It is imperative that the development of a complex tribological system such as a high temperature solid lubricated,

48、 ceramic bearing is conducted with full understanding of the individual tribological relationship of the various components. 润滑膜的重要性怎么强调都不过分，即使采用陶瓷材料时也是这样。无润滑的氮化硅或碳化硅不固有低的摩擦，也没有良好的耐磨性。这些性质可在固体润滑剂的帮助获得，这些性质与材料相兼容。以氮化硅的润滑为例，用含有高温添加剂的石墨，可形成摩擦化学膜从而降低摩擦系数，结果，减少热量的产生。摩擦的减少取决于膜与基材相比谁更容易被切落。 对于工作在超高温（高于550）

49、下的轴承来说比石墨有更好的热稳定性的固体润滑剂正在被考虑。一个复杂的摩擦系统的发展是很有必要的，如高温固体润滑剂。陶瓷轴承被引入以充分理解各组成部件间的单独摩擦关系。 8 Lesson14 Resistance to corrosion depends on the composition of the material and on the particular environment. Corrosive media may be chemicals (acids, alkalis'?lk?lis , and salts), the environment (oxygen, moi

50、sture, pollution, and acid rain), and water (fresh or salt water).5 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, generally have high corrosion resistance. Steels and cast irons usually have poor resistance and must be protected by various coatings and surface treatments. 抗腐蚀性取决于材料

51、的成分和特定的环境。腐蚀媒介可以是化学品（酸、碱和盐），环境（氧、潮湿、污染和酸雨）和水（清水或盐水）。有色金属、不锈钢和非金属材料通常有高抗腐蚀性。钢和铸铁通常抗腐蚀性差，必须有各种涂层和表面处理保护。 The usefulness of some level of oxidation ?ksi'dei?n is exhibited in the corrosion resistance of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. Aluminum develops a thin (a few atomic layers), strong,

52、 and adherent hard-oxide film (Al2O3) that better protects the surface from further environmental corrosion.Titanium develops a film of titanium tai'teinj?m oxide (TiO2). A similar phenomenon occurs in stainless steels, which (because of the chromium present in the alloy) develop a protective fi

53、lm on their surfaces. When the protective film is scratched and exposes the metal underneath, a new oxide film begins to form. 某些等级的氧化物的有用性表现在铝、钛和不锈钢的抗腐蚀性上。铝产生一层薄的（一些原子层）、牢固的附着氧化膜（AL2O3）以保护表面不进一步的腐蚀。钛产生一层氧化钛(TiO2）膜。不锈钢也有相似的现象，（因为合金中有烙）表面产生一层保护膜，当保护膜擦损并露出金属里层时，一层新的氧化膜又开始形成了。 Lesson28 Roughness: the f

54、inest of the irregularities in the surface caused by the manufacturing process used to smooth the surface. Roughness height is measured in micrometers (m ) or microinches (in ). Waviness: a widely spaced variation that exceeds the roughness width cutoff measured in inches or millimeters; roughness m

55、ay be regarded as a surface variation superimposed on a wavy surface. Lay: the direction of the surface pattern caused by the production method used. Flaws: defects occurring infrequently or at widely varying intervals on a surface, including cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches, and the like; the

56、effect of flaws is usually omitted in roughness height measurements. 粗糙度：由用来使工件表面光滑的加工工艺所造成的最细微的表面不平度。表面粗糙度的高度采用微米或微英寸作为测量的单位。 波度：是超过粗糙度界限的大间隔偏差，采用英寸或毫米测量。可将粗糙度看做叠加在波度表面上的表面不平度。 加工纹理方向：由所采用的加工方法所产生的表面刀痕图案的方向。 缺陷：不经常出现或者在很大区间内才会出现的表面瑕疵，包括裂纹、气孔、微细裂纹、划痕等。缺陷的影响通常在粗糙度的高度测量中被忽略。 Lesson 62 People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork- not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do what