北京市东城区2021届高三一模英语试题(含答案解析)

1、北京市东城区20202021学年第二学期高三综合练习（一）英语2021.4本试卷共10页，共100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡 上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出 最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。A Labrador lias been doing ail important job to help people stay 4safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2、Vil以Eiglit-yeai-old Roby runs tluougli the streets of the hilly city of）八Medellin several times a day with a in liis jaws, taking1 _vegetables, fruit and packaged foods to customers of the Fresh4U a Labrador niini-maiket.“He helps us to maintain social distancing J said Roby' owner, Slieiry Bote

3、ro. “And people 2 it when we send the dog79 Roby enjoys eating caixots 3 to liiin by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food.Roby wasn't always a star. He was accepted into tlie family 4 by Ms Botero after repeated requests by her son to5 a dog.But Ms Botero quickly 6 with the dog. And wh

4、en she opened a niini-maiket four years ago, he stalled to accompany her to make deliveries.Roby can't read 7 But he remembers the names of customers who have previously rewarded liiin with treats. And with some practice, he lias learned to go to thek houses on his own.4CHe knows the names of fi

5、ve or six of oiir customers," Ms Botero said, “So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket, and my customers 8 me through a bank trans企r（转账；转移）Roby miglit not know tliat he's become an 9 worker. But he is liappy to高三英语第3页（共10页）help his owner and 10 his daily pay.1. A. baa2. A- respect3

6、. A gifted4. A intentionally5. A. adopt6. A. got away7. A. niiiids8. A treat9. A. essential10. A. spendB. cliainB. loveB. returnedB. regretfiillyB. trainB. kept in touchB. addressesB. helpB. honestB. calculateC. basketC. followC. lentC. immediatelyC. adoreC. cauglit upC. numbersC. payC. optimisticC.

7、 collectD. stickD. noticeD. donatedD. unwillinglyD. walkD. fell in loveD. receiptsD. impressD. adventurousD. increase第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当 的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。AComets are among the most beautiAil and interesting 11 (siglitl in the tuiiverse. For centu

8、ries, people 12 (show) great interest m studying them Ill 1682. Edmund Halley, an astronomer noticed a comet that was especially bright and large. Based on liis calculations, Halley predicted tliat tliis bright comet would return m 1758 or 1759tliis was about 75 years 13 he first saw the comet. The

9、comet really returned on time and it was named "Halley's Comet" in honor of Edimind Halley:BEmuia was on her way home when she heard a sudden scream. Looking around, she saw a little boy on the sidewalk gasping(急端)for air, liis 14 (frighten) motlier begging for help. Enuiia nished to t

10、he boy; 15 ihce had turned purple. “What's wrong?” “A candy! In liis throat!” It was lucky that Enuna had learned how 16(perfomi) the Heimlich maneuver(海姆利克急救法)at school She acted quickly. Sooil the boy coughed up a piece of candy and began breathing again. He 17 (save) iii time.cIii JapaiL the

11、word bonsai means tiay plant. It refers to the interesting 18 (combine) of art and the planting and growing of miniature trees and plants. Bonsai originated iii China more tliaii 2.000 years ago and 19 (spread) to Japan about 700 years ago. Some people believe tliat only small plants must be used ii

12、i bonsai but tliis is not tme. Nearly any type of tree or plant can be used, as long as it is grown 高三英语第2页(共10页)20 a seed or a small cutting.第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并 在答题卡上将该项涂黑。As pait of oiu, mission to iiispiie the next generation of scientists, i

13、nventors and engineers, tlie Science Museum Group (SMG) lias launched an exciting new online game-Total Darkness.Over the last year we liave been developing Total Darkness with the aim of creating an experience that can have a positive impact on people's attitudes towards STEM (science, teclmolo

14、gy engineering and maths), as well as liaviiig a fbcus on self-reflection, rather than asking players to recall specific facts or concepts.Total Darkness is a digital stoiytelliiig experience wliicli encourages yoimg people to recognise how the skills they use eveiy day relate to STEM and can help t

15、hem develop theii- confidence in science tliinkiiig. Tlie game invites the player to solve a mysterious power cut in theii, hometown. The game puts players in control, allowing theii, choices and decisions to guide them tliiougli the stoiyAs the player navigates tlirougli the darkened streets of the

16、 town, equipped only with a torch, they will face various cliallenges. Using tlieii, curiosity communication skills and creative problem solving, they will discover new theories about wliat might liavecaused the blackout(停电；断电).But with every step thew torch fades, and the player must solve the myst

17、ery before the batteiy runs a torch out.The playeis choices and actions tliiougliout the game will score them curiosity; creativity or conmiuiiication points. At the end. the skills the player has used will be revealed along with their science style, showing how they could put their skills into acti

18、on in the real world.Total Darkness is aimed at 8-15 year-olds-an important stage in teens' science development. Research shows that as teens make the step between priinaiy and secondaiy many move away fiom an interest in science as other influences have a stronger pull in their lives.Total Dark

19、ness is a flee online game playable on smartphone, tablet and desktop. Play now at totaldarkness.scMHcamiseiirn.sguk.21. Total Dai-kiiess aims to help players.A. recall scientific conceptsB. better imderstand STEMC. improve storytelling abilitiesD. develop communication skills22. What's the key

20、to getting points in Total Darkness?A. Judgement.B. Teamwork.C. Equipment.D. Gaming skills.23. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To promote a new product.B. To introduce the SMG's mission.C. To explain the rules of an online game.D. To empliasize the iinpoitance of STEM.BNick Torrance,

21、a junior in liigh school, sufiers fiom muscular dystrophy（肌肉萎缩 症），and attends school in a specialized wheelchair. Tlie muscle disease prevents liiin from accomplishing many eveiyday tasks, such as canyiiig his books and putting tilings away in liis locker. So he liad a fellow student assigned to hel

22、p him But Ainy Smith, the schooFs occupational therapist（治疗J/币），thouglit that being able to do sometliiiig simple like opening liis locker on liis own would be empowering.Amy initially thouglit they would be able to buy a device to help. But searching online turned up nothing tliat could meet their

23、needs-everything needed a keycode or some other physical actioiL things her disabled student couldn't do. After the outside search for a method came up short, she looked within the school itself for an answer. Amy turned to the schoofs robotics instmctor.The instructor, in tum： suggested that tw

24、o of liis most capable students take on the project: Micah Stuhldreher and Wyatt Snrcka. They took first place in a national robotics con甲etition, so they were a natural choice to tackle the locker door problem with a robotics solution. Micah and Wyatt wasted no time getting down to work and for an

25、hour each school day the boys braiiistonned, built, and rebuilt various versions of the device until they landed on the perfect solution one year later.Like in any device development, it took a lot of trial and eiior for Micah and Wyatt to make sometliiiig tliat would work for theii1 target audience

26、. For example, they initially built a locker-opening button, but Nick wasn't strong enougli to push it, so they replaced it with a sensor.Now. between classes Nick steers his electric wheelchair to liis locker and waves his hand over a sensor on the ann of the wheelchaii; A few seconds later, th

27、e locker door swings open. Another wave closes the door. Nick can make it with easeit may 高三英语第4页（共10页）be a small tiling, but it gives liiin a sense of independence.24. Wliy did Amy Smith want a device?A. To increase her student's confidence.B. To encoiuage cooperation at school.C. To inspire a

28、robotics invention.D. To help treat a muscle disease.25. With a sensor in liis wheelchair, Nick can.A. move around easilyB. put liis tilings awayC. continue liis schoolingD. open and close liis locker26. According to the passage, wliich words can best describe Micali and Wyatt?A. Caring and passiona

29、te.B. Talented and ambitious.C. Sensitive and insiahtfiil.D. Htunble and waniilieaited.JcVaccines（疫苗）may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A. Croyle, researchers liave developed a tliiii sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refiigeration. Tliis means the ca

30、refully cooled small bottles now used to sliip vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films tliat can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelfCroyle's laboratoiy began developing the teclmology in 2007. Iiispiied by amber's ability to preseive the DNAof insects, the rese

31、archers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of salt, much like liard candy“ Croyle explains. The vacciiie-contaiiiiiig film is administered by mouth-sweet news for many who dislike needles.Tlie film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine

32、 candidate and provide a protective coating. “Meve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it iiiteniiixed with all the conyonents/' Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. really wanted to come up wit

33、h something that would be transferable to developing countries.”Immunization（免疫）programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold（2-8） as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and tiaiispoit disruptions can cause the

34、vaccines to be iiiefifective.But tliis new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies fbr several montlis at 20°C. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show tliat the live virnses in one vaccine were preseived in the film even after 36 montlis. Tliey also find t

35、hat a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot（流感预防针）. “The study demonstrates eaiiy proof of concept for an exciting platfbnn fbr vaccine product development J says Lisa Rohan： a pliainiacologist. who 高三英语第5页（共10页）was not involved in the study She also not

36、es that each vaccine type would need a custom fbrmulation（配方）fbr fiitxu e stages of development.Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the reseai,chers, most pressing probleni Croyle says. They are also exploiiiig packaging methods to keep theii, films stable up to 40.Size is a majo

37、r advantage-a letter-sized sheet of the film can cany more than 500 doses（剂）of vaccine, about 1/900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the teclmology could vastly improve immunization rates the w

38、orld over particularly in middle- to low- income coimtries.27. What can we leam about the film?A. It contains aiiiinaTs DNA.B. It will replace vaccines.C. It comes in different flavotu's.D. It can hold bio-products.28. According to Paragraph 3, we can leam about the film's.A. key componentB.

39、 development scheduleC. possible advantagesD. transportation requirements29. The author mentions Lisa Rohan's words to.A. advise personalizing vaccinesB. suggest the product is promisingC. prove the study is suppoited widelyD. stress the fimctions of a new platfbnn30. Wliat will be the next urge

40、nt task fbr Croyle,s team?A. Advertising the film worldwide. B. Improving the film's capacity.C. Reducing the sliippiiig cost.D. Seeking ideal manufacturers.DAlbeit Einstein's 1915 niasteipiece “The Foimdation of the General Theory of Relativity” is the first and still the best introduction

41、to the subject, and I reconmiend it as such to students. But it probably wouldn't be pubEshable in a scientific journal today.Wliy not? After all, it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance. And wliile popular belief holds tliat the paper was iiiconrehensible to

42、its first readers, in fact niany papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult.As the physicist Ricliard Feynman wrote, “Theie was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theoiy of relativity I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he

43、was the only guy who cauglit oil, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot imderstood the theoiy of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12：'No. the problem is its style. It stalls with a leisurely pliilosopliical discussion of space and time and then cont

44、inues with an exposition of known niathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneous today take up half the paper. Worse. there are zero citations of previous scientists' work, nor are there any gi aphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the fiist editors.

45、A similar process of professionalization has tiaiisfbmied other pans of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major obseivatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured. And anything iiivohiiig work with human subjects, or putting iiistnunents in space, involves piles

46、 of paperwork.We see it also ill the Reseneron Science Talent Search the Nobel Prize of liiah J school science competitions. In the early decades of its 78-year histoiy the winning projects were usually the soil of clever but naive, aniatem ish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working

47、on their own. Today polished work coming out of intemships（实习）at established laboratories is the normThese professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standaidization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers. applications and

48、people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of improductive effbit goes into jumping tluougli bureaucratic hoops（繁文摒节），and outsiders face entiy baniers at every turn.Of course. Einstein would have found his way to meeting modem standards and publisliiiig liis results. Its scientific core wouldift

49、 have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.31. According to Richard Feynman. Einstein's 1915 paper.A. was a classic in theoretical physicsB. turned out to be conpreliensibleC. needed fiirther iinpro-ementD. attracted few professionals32. What does the underlined word "

50、extraneous in Paiagiaph 4 mean?A. Unrealistic.B. Inelevant.C. Unattractive.D. Imprecise.33. According to the authoi what is affected as modem science develops?A. Tlie application of reseaich findings.B. The principle of scientific research.C. The selection of young talents.D. Tlie evaluation of labo

51、ratories.34. Wliich would be the best title for tliis passage?A. What makes Einstein great?B. Will science be professionalized?C. Could Einstein get published today?D. How will modern science make advances?第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项 中有两项为多余选项。Reversalchange your perspectiv

52、e and solve your problemIt's often your definition of a problem tliat limits you in finding a suitable solution. Creative solutions requke a cliange of perspective. 35Tlie reversal technique is a creative thinking tecluiique that is based on the thouglit that to cliange your perspective, you som

53、etimes need to change the order of the words in yotir problem definition.How you change the order of the words doesn't matter much as long as the key words are reversed. 36 Ybur challenge is “How do we make sure that fewer people take cars to their work?n. Swapping the key words, you could repln

54、ase this challenge as “How do we make sure that fewer cars take people to their work?” In tliis case, the first statement will make you tliiiik of alternative means of transportation like trains or bikes, wliile the second statement will probably make you tliiiik of solutions like caipooliiig-fewer

55、cars for the same number of people.Not every problem statement is suitable for a reversal. Sometimes using tliis teclmique requires you to first replirase the question altogether. 37 For instance, the question “how might we sell more wasliiiig machines?” is not easily reversed一 there is no key word

56、to swap with '"washing machines”. Yet, when you repliiase the question to "How might we sell more wasliiiig machines to yoimg parents?” you can easily change it to “How rniglit we sell more yoimg parents to wasliiiig machines? 38 Ybu could interpret tliis last sentence as "he wash

57、ing macliine pays the youngparents to try it out”. Then, you could stait communicating to potential buyers how much they will save each year when they choose your energy efficient wasliiiig machine.As this example shows, some reversals will requiie a veiy flexible way of tliiiikiiig. 39 However, tli

58、iiiking about the tiny amount of time it will "cost” you to try out a reversal you have veiy little to lose and. potentially, lots to gainA. The second problem statement is much more logical.B. Often it helps to add one more key word to the sentence.C. Rephrasing your challenge is to change the

59、 problem statement.D. A gieat way to do tliis is by cYeversiiign yoiir problem statement.E. For instance, imagine you are responsible for liiiiitiiig the traffic jam in yoiir aiea.F. Admittedly it is a very unusual challenge, but it might just stimulate a creative thouglit.G. Not eveiyone will be able to move fi-om an unreasonable statement to a usefill solution.第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节阅读表达（共4小题；第1、2题各2分