2015年12月ACCA考试F4讲义(二)

1、2015 年 12 月 ACCA 考试 F4 讲义(二)12月ACCA试就要到了，为了方便大家更好地复习12月ACCA F4I#试，小编在百度文库定期传一些考试资料，如有需要请关注财萃财经的百度文库。Session 3 Types of cost and cost behaviorMain contents:1. Classifying costs2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements3.1 Classifying costsCosts can be

2、classified in a number of different ways: Element costs are classified as materials, labor or expenses (overheads) Nature - costs are classified as being direct or indirect.a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center.(1) . Direct material is

3、 all material becoming part of the product unless used in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. (component parts, part finished work and primary packing material)(2) . Direct wages - are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line.(3) . Direct ex

4、pense are any expense which are incurred on a specified product other than direct material and direct labor.b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be shared out on an equitable basis. Behavior - costs are classif

5、ied as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or stepped fixed.a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same.b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity.c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed co

6、sts: are costs which contain both fixed and variable components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity.d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity. Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs.e. Production costs:

7、are costs included in a stock valuation. The product cost is the cost of making or buying.f. Period costs (general cost): are costs that are not attributed to product costs, but instead are treated as a cost of the time period when they arise. Other cost classification:Avoidable cost: cost which can

8、 be eliminated by changing operationsUnavoidable cost: cost which will not be changed by decision making.Controllable cost: those cost controllable by a particular manager in a given period.Uncontrollable cost: any cost that can not be affected by management within a given period.COST MODEL: $Direct

9、 material: 2Direct labor 3Direct expense 1Direct cost 6Production overhead (Note) 1Total production cost 7Administration Overhead 1Selling and distribution Overhead 1Total cost 9Note: Production overhead includes indirect material, indirect labor and indirect expense.3.2 Analyzing costs:Cost objects

10、: a cost object is any activity for which a separate measurement of cost is undertaken.Cost units: a cost unit is a unit of product or service in relation to which costs are ascertainedResponsibility centers: a department whose performance is the direct responsibility of a specific manager.The main

11、responsibility centers are: Cost center - the performance of a cost center manager is judged on the extent to which cost targets have been achieved. Revenue center Within an organization, this is a centre or activity that earns sales revenue. And whose manager is responsible for the revenue earned b

12、ut not for the costs incurred. Profit center - a part of the business whose manager is responsible and accountable for both costs and revenue. The performance of a profit center manager is measured in terms of the profit madeby the centre. Investment centre a profit centre with additional responsibility for investment and possibly also for financing, and whose performance is measured by its return on capital employed.(ROCE).Cost equations:Equation of a straight lineThe equation of a straight line is a linear function and is represented by the following equation