机械英语 (2)

1、1.Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature , low density , high strength , stiffness , hardness , wear resistance , and corrosion resistance.句意：高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。2.Centerless grinding involves passing a cylindrical workpiece , wh

2、ich is supported by a rest bland ,between two wheels i.e.,grinding wheel and the regulating or feed wheel.The grinding wheel does the actual grinding,while the regulating wheel is responsible for rotating the workpiece as well as generation the longitudinal feed.句意：无心磨削是用于圆柱形工件加工的，工件由托板支持，在两轮之间，即砂轮和

3、导轮或称进给轮之间通过。砂轮完成实际磨削，而导轮的作用是使工件旋转和产生轴向的进给。3. If a hard-grade wheel were to be used for grinding a hard material,the dull grains would not be pulled off from the bond quickly enough,thus impeding the self-dressing process of the surface of the wheel and finally resulting in clogging of the wheel and

4、burns on the ground surface.句意：如果使用硬砂轮磨削硬的材料，摩钝的磨粒就不能很快从粘结体上脱落，这样便于妨碍砂轮表面的自整修过程，最终导致砂轮的赌赛并在被磨表面留下灼斑。4. In practice,the only cutting tools that can be guided while actually cutting are drills,reamers,and similar cutters;and so jigs are associated with drilling operations,and fixtures with all other o

5、perations.句意：实际上，在切削时唯一的能被引导的切削刀具是钻头，铰刀和类似的铣刀；因此钻模适用于钻削加工，而夹具则用在其他加工工艺中。5. This is the component in which a product is engineered,designed,tested through simulation,documented through drawing ,specifications,and other documentation tools such as part lists and bills of material.句意：在（CIM轮盘图的）这一部分，产品通

6、过仿真来制作，设计和测试；并通过图样，标准和其他文档编制工具如零件清单和物料清单来形成有关文件。6. Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (IMT)refers to simulating the human experts manufacturing intelligent activities via computer ,with a highly-flexible and highly-integrated manner in various components of manufacturing industry.It can perform an

7、alysis ,judgement,inference,conceiving and decision-making on manufacturing problemsaiming at replacing or extending part of humans brainwork in the manufacturing environment and collecting ,storing ,improving,sharing,inheriting and developing human experts manufacturing intelligent.句意：智能制造技术是指在制造业的

8、各个环节以一种高度柔性和高度集成的方式，通过计算机来模拟人类专家的制造智能活动，从而对各种制造问题进行分析，判断，推理，构思和决策。旨在取代或延伸制造环境中人的部分脑力劳动，并对人类专家的制造智能进行收集，存储，完善，共享，继承和发展。Exercise 1一、利用词义引申、词量增减翻译方法，把下列句子翻译成中文1. Such particles are far too tiny to be seen with the strongest microscope. 这种粒子太小，即使用高倍的显微镜也看不出来。2. The running of such automated establishmen

9、ts remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪表而而已。3. If iron is kept moist, running is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing the corrosion.如果铁保持潮湿，就锈得快，这就是使我们认为水是引起腐蚀的原因。4. The shortest distance between raw material

10、 and a finished part is casting.铸造是把原材料加工成成品的最简单方法。5. The increase in pressure with depth makes it difficult for a man to go very deep far below the water surface.压力深度的增加，这使得人潜和深水处很困难。6The force acting upon the ends p()must be equated to the longitudinal stress times the area over which the stress a

11、cts.作用在端部的力p()应等于纵向应力与其作用面积的乘积7 Referring to Fig 2-38, We designate the inside radius of the cylinder by b, the outside radius by p, the internal pressure p, the external pressure by Po.设圆筒内半径为a，外半径为b，内压力为p，外压力Po，如图2-38所示。8. Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave ela

12、stically in the environmental conditions.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。9. The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。10. Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都

13、在眼前发生。Exercise 2一、利用词性转换法翻译下列各句1. There are different element in nature.自然界有各种不同的元素。2. Wood is not as dense as water and therefore it floats.木材的密度比水小,因而能浮在水面上。3. When the cancer cells have invaded surrounding tissue or have spread through the blood or lymph to other parts of the body, complete remov

14、al becomes impossible.在癌症细胞感染了周围组织或通过血管或淋巴扩散到全身后就不能完全割除了。4. Cotton and linen burn quickly and easily, and smell like burning paper.棉布和亚麻都是易燃，燃烧时产生的气味象烧纸一样。二、利用成分转换法翻译下列各句1 Nowadays, a typical radio transmitter has a power of 100 kilowatts so that it can broadcast information over a large area of inf

15、luence.如今一台常见的无线电发射机的、功率已达一百千瓦，因此它的传播范围很大。2 Bell's telephone was a great attraction at the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia that year to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.同年，为纪念美国独立宣言发表一百周年而在费举行的百周年的博览会上，贝尔的电话机引起了人们的极大注意。3. A transistor radio is a less

16、complicated structure than a TV.晶体管收音机的结构不象电视那样复杂。4. In any machine the work accomplished never exceeds the amount of work expended in working the machine.任何机器所完成的功永远还会超过开动机器所消耗的功。5. Power means the speed, or rate of doing work.功率的意思是作功的速度或速率。6. We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the fricti

17、on of which may be greatly reduced.为显著减少摩擦，我们必须给机器运动部件加油。7. The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized to resist corrosion.钢缆由成千根高强度钢拉制的钢丝所组成，这些钢丝经过电镀，以防生锈。8. Factories everywhere are demanding for the new instruments with which it is possible to p

18、erform many experiments.各地的工厂都需要这种新仪器，用它能作许多试验。9. By means of an engine steam is changed into energy of moving machinery, and then, by the aid of a generator, into electrical energy, which is transmitted over wires and, at some distant point is changed into light, or heat, or energy of moving machin

19、es.利用发动机把蒸汽能变成运转机器的机械能，然后再用发电机变成电能，电能通过电线输送出去，在某一远处转换成光、热或运转机器的能量。10. She obtain the honor by all students for her excellent teaching.她出色的教学水平赢得了广大学生的尊敬。Exercise 3一、利用成分分译法翻译下列句子1. A man spending twelve days on the moon would find, on returning to the earth, that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在地

20、球上渡过了十二天，回到地球以后会发现一年已经过去了。2. Gases are frequently considered to incompressible.通常认为气体是可压缩的，而液体是不可压缩的。3. Operation research is a scientific method of providing executive department with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control.运筹学是一种科学方法，它为执行部门对掌管的各种活动作决定时提供数量根据

21、。4. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed. 古代人曾经试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。5. There (in Germany)a group of amateur enthusiasts, inspired by dreams of inter- planetary travel, were conducting their own, occasionally fatal, experiments on liquid-fuelled rockets.德国有一些业余的火箭爱好者，在进行星

22、旅行时的梦想激励下进行液体燃烧火箭实验，它们的实验有时是非常危险的。二、翻译下列各句，注意被动结构部分的译法。1. Many highly specialized and unusual applications of hydrology have been omitted in favor of detailed presentation of the more general1y applicable techniques.许多高高专业化的而又罕见的水文学应用的内容已经被删除了，以便介绍更多右广泛应用的技术。2. Although electricity was discovered ab

23、out 2,000 years ago, it came into practical use long after.虽然电是两千年前发现的，但过了很久后才得到广泛应用。3. With the deve1opment of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.随着现代电气工程的发展，人们能把电力输送到所需的的任何地方。4. Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of

24、Toronto, Canada, for outstanding research.由于杰出的研究工作，六位科学家荣获了加拿大多伦多盖尔德纳基金的颁发的奖励。三、翻译下列长句。2. Today's huge array of machine tools is far superior to those of the Industrial RevolutionIncreasing numbers of machine tools are being controlled by computers，The computers program the machines automatical

25、ly to turn on and off, guide the tool path，change tools，and change speeds and feedsResearch and development will provide even better, more efficient machine tools今天的机床比工业革命时候的机床要高级得多，用计算机控制的机床越来越多，计算机能够通过编程控制机床的开关、计算刀具路径，更换刀具，改变加工速度和进给速度，通过研究和开发，将会生产出更好、效率更高的机床。3. In order to detect the time when a

26、cutting tool should be changed，most modern machines are equipped with indicators that show the horsepower used during the machining operation When a tool becomes dull more horsepower is required for the operationwhich will show on the indicatorWhen this occursthe tool should he reconditioned immedia

27、tely.为了知道什么时侯该换刀具，大部分现代机床都安装了指示器来显示切削加工所耗的功率。当刀具用钝时，加工就需耗更多的功率，并由指示器显示出来。一旦发生这种情况就应立即打磨刀具。Exercise 4一、把下列段落翻译成中文。1. All products that come cut of industry consist of at least one and often many types of materials. The most obvious example is the automobileA car contains a wide variety of materials,

28、ranging from glass to steel to rubber, plus numerous other metals and plastic.工业生产的一切产品至少都是用一种，经常是许多种材料制成的。最明显的例子便是汽车，生产一辆汽车需用大量不同的材料，包括玻璃、钢材、橡胶以及许多其他的金属和塑料。3 Characteristically，metals are opaque，ductile，and good conductor of heat and electricity Plastics(or polymers)，which usually contain light ele

29、ments，and therefore have relatively low density，are generally insulators，and are flexible and formable at relatively low temperaturesCeramics，which contain compounds of both metallic and non metallic elements，are usually relatively resistant to severe mechanicalThermal，and chemical condition.从特点来看，金

30、属不透明，有韧性、是热和电的良导体。塑料(聚合物)通常包含轻元素，因而密度较低，一般为绝缘体，并能在较低温度下弯折和成形。陶瓷是由金属和非金属元素的化合物构成，通常能抗恶劣的机械、温度和化学环境。4 Plastics and ceramics are nonmetals；however，plastics may be machined like metals, Plastics are classified into two typesthermoplastics and thermosets. The thermoplastics can be shaped and reshaped by

31、heat and pressure but thermosets can not be reshaped because they undergo chemical changes as they harden. Ceramics are often employed by e11gineers when materials which call withstand high temperature are needed塑料和陶瓷是非金属。然而，塑料可象金属一样进行加工。塑料分成两类：热塑塑料和热固塑料。热塑塑料可通过加热相加压成形和再成形，而热固塑料却由于在硬化过程中发生了化学变化而不能再成

32、形。工程师在需用耐高温材料时常常选用陶瓷。Exercise 5一、把下列段落翻译成中文。1 During the surface-grinding operations, heavy workpieces are either held in fixtures or clamped on the machine table by strap clamps and the like, whereas smaller workpieces are usually held by magnetic chucks.在表面磨削加工过程中，重的工件或者装在夹具上或者用压板或类似的东西压在机床工作台上，而小

33、的工件通常用磁性卡盘装夹。5 As you may expect, the grain size of the abrasive particles(颗粒，微粒) of the wheel plays a fundamental role in determining the quality of ground surface obtained.正如你想的，砂轮颗粒的大小在决定获得的磨削质量起着决定的作用。6. Grinding makes use of abrasive particles to do the cutting Grinding operations may be classi

34、fied asprecision or nonprecision，depending on the purposePrecision grinding is concerned with grinding to close tolerances and very smooth finish，Nonprecison grinding involves the removal of al where accuracy is not important.磨削利用磨粒来进行切削。磨削可根据不同的目的分为精磨和非精磨。精磨是为了紧公差和高光面修整的磨削，而非精磨是精确度要求不高的金属切削。Exercis

35、e 6一、把下列段落翻译成中文。1 The lathe is commonly called the father of the entire machine tool family，For turning operations，the lathe uses a singlepoint cutting tool which removes metal as it travels past the revolving workpiece. Turning operations are required to make many different cylindrical shapes，such

36、as axes，gear blanks，pulleys，and threaded shaftsBoring. operations are performed to enlargefinish，and accurately 1ocate holes.车床通常被称为所有机床之父。在车削操作中，车床用个单刃切削刀具在旋转的工件上进行金属切削。车削用来切削出不同的圆柱形，如转轴、齿轮毛坯、滑轮、螺纹轴等。镗削用来扩大、精加工和加工精确定位孔。2 Minning removes metal with a revolvingmultiple cutting edge tool called millin

37、g CutterMilling cutters are made in many styles and sizesSome have as few as two cutting edges and others have 30 0r more. Milling can produce flat angled suffices，groves，slots，gearteeth，and other profiles，depending on the shape of the cutters being used.铣削用一个称为“铣刀”的旋转多刃刀具进行金属切削。铣刀有不同的式样和尺寸。有些铣刀只有两个

38、刃口，而有些铣刀却有二十或更多的刃口。铣别可根据所用的铣刀形状分别加工平面或斜面、槽口、缝、齿轮齿及其它型面。3. In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation.尽管车床的类型是多种多样的，但它们在结构和工作原理上都有共同的特征。6. It involves pressing two hardened rolls with rough filelike sur

39、faces against the rotating workpiece to cause plastic deformation of the workpiece metal.它通过用把两个象粗锉刀表面一样的硬的滚轮压在工件上引起工作金属的塑性变形。Exercise 7一、把下列段落翻译成中文。1. Jigs and fixtures are alike in that they both incorporate devices to ensure that the workpiece is correctly located and clamped, but they differ in

40、that jigs incorporate means of tool guiding during the actual cutting operation, and fixtures do not.钻模和夹具是相似的，因为在它们都是为组合装置用来保证工件能够被正确的定位和夹紧，但是它们也有有所区别，钻模在实际加工过程中具有导向作用而夹具没有。4. The workpiece must be supported beneath the point of clamping, to ensure that the forces are taken by the main frame of the jig or fixture, and on to