词汇学之6种构词法

1、Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion (26%) The most productive methodsShortening (8%-10%)Blending 1%-5%clippingacronymyBackformationSound reduplication Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between pr

2、efixes and suffixes. The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.nNegative Prefixes否定前缀nReversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀nPejorative prefixes贬义前缀nPrefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀nPrefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀nLocative prefixes方位前缀nPrefixes of time

3、and order表时间和顺序的前缀nNumber prefixes数字前缀nConversion prefixes转化前缀nMiscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀wiseexpectedhappyunessentialsmokerresistancenonhonestlikebelievedis prefixes meaningexamplesun-not,the converse ofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregularpackwrapdodress

4、uncentralizemobilizeforestcodedeconnectunioncolourheartendis prefixes meaning examplesun-reversingthe actionunpackde-decodedis-disconnecthearconductleadmisfunctionformedodorousmalsciencedemocraticmemorypseudo prefixes meaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscienceenemylia

5、rbishoparchmannaturalmarketcountrysupergrowrunliveweighout prefixes meaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-more thansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-too littleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-l

6、ittleminiskirtexistauthoroperatecoactargumentexamplerevolutioncountersocialnationalclockwiseslaveryanti prefixes meaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-ChinesesoilwaycontractsubmarryplaynationalinterAtlanticcontinentalplantsexualtrans prefixes

7、 meaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between, among internationaltrans-across, from one place to anothertransplantfore-frontforenametellseesightknowledgeforeschoolwarliberationconsiderpreindustrialgraduatewarpost prefixes meaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-in advancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustri

8、alex-formerex-presidentre-againresellannualfeudalsemicyclespherehemicolorformcornuniculturetonemonoenniallinguallateralbioxidelemmadiprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-, demi-, hemi-halfsemi-feudal, demi-circle, hemisphereuni-, mono-oneuniform, monotonebi-, di-twobilingual, dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)

9、-, tetra-fourquadrennial, tetrapetalousprefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-, penta-fivequinquagenarian, pentagonhexa-, sex-sixhexahedron, sexcentenarysept-, hepta-sevenseptangle, heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineenneadstridetremblewashsleepacalmlittlefriendbe Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive v

10、erbs befriend (to behave as a friend to) becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 belittle becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静) With nouns plus ed to yield adjectives bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) Be

11、nighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)largerichdangerslaveenBefore nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs.n 使成为使成为n 使处于使处于状态状态Before nouns, enslave(cause to be); empower(v. 授权）embody (v. 体现）endanger

12、(V.使处于危险之中)Before adjectives to form verbsenable enrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保 prefixes examplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empowerbiographymobilesuggestautoclassicismimpressionismnatalneo Question: Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes? Prefixes pr

13、imarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base. Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes Verb

14、 suffixes Adverbs suffixesDe-nominal noun suffixesDe-verbal noun suffixesDe-adjective noun suffixesNoun and adjective suffixesgamegangsongsterInvolved inprofitmountainauctioneerSkilled in；engaged inspoonhandmouthfulinhabitcontestinformantOccupation and participation;bathepaintbuildingselfishusefulki

15、ndnessrapidcrudeoddityrapidcrudeoddity Some suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives. -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian -ist: racist, socialist -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcheri

16、tesuffixesmeaningexamples-sterperson engaged in an occupation or activitygamester-eermountaineer-er(or)driver-antinhabitant-letsmall, unimportantbooklet,-ettesmall; imitation; femalecigarette, leatherette, usherette-essfemalehostesssuffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatuschildhood-shipconditiondictatorshi

17、p-domrealmofficialdom-ingstatebathing-fulamounthandful-tionstateoppressionamplediversesimple-ifymake, endow withpopularlegalhospitalizevalidoriginhydrogenateGive or make or become De-nominal adjective suffixes De-verbal adjective suffixeschildtigerstatesmanlikechildspeechhopelessmeatleafhairwatersil

18、kydrinkchangeconvinceable (ible)forgethopethankfulsuffixesmeaningexamples-fulfull ofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-lyhaving the quality offriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhat likesilkysuffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhat likefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-edhavingmoneyed-altypic

19、al ofregionalsuffixesmeaningexamples-ary (ory)connected withimaginary-esquelikepicturesque-ousfull ofmalicious-ictypical ofdramatic-ivehaving the quality ofattractiveattentivehappyboldlyonbackearthhomeward (s)suffixesmeaning examples-lyin a mannerattentively-warddirection of movementhomeward-foldtim

20、eshundredfold-wisein the manner ofas far asis concernedcrabwiseweatherwiseThe definition of compounding and compoundComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at e

21、very period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. 2.Forms of compoundsSolid: bedtime, honeymoonHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningOpen: reading material, hot line3. Formation of Compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds Thr

22、ough conversion: nickname; first-name Through backformation: lip-reading to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke Noun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis Adjective compounds Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everla

23、sting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress Verb compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed f

24、rom spoon-fed. Verb compounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.Question: What is conversion? Why is it called zero-derivation? Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class i

25、s shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). change of word-class; functional shift derivation process without the addition of an affix Conversion to Nouns Conversion to Verbs Conversion to AdjectivesWords produced by conversion are prim

26、arily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive. De-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词）（由动词转化而来的名词）Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are semantically related to the origin

27、al verbs in various ways.nState (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire)nEvent or activity( search; laugh; teach-in)nResult of the action (catch; find, answer)nDoer of the action( help; cheat, bore)nTool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap)nPlace of the action (pass; walk; divide)Fu

28、ll conversion完全转换完全转换:n A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. 1. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number. Complete conversion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regul

29、ars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department Partial conversion 部分转换部分转换nNouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does.nThey mu

30、st be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. nThe gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees.nWords in this category generally denote a group of the kind. Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a gr

31、oup of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the r

32、idiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned Nouns converted from other classes as conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Three kinds of conversion to

33、verbsn Denominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the babyn De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age. Miscellaneous conversion: The students tut-tut the idea. It occurs mostly between nouns and adjectives. 构词法()4.4 Blending4.5Backformation4.6 Shortening The definition of blending Blending（拼缀法）

34、is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types. Ex

35、amples newscast (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog) talkathon (talkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone) sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawksciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communicationss

36、ituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk The definition of backformation Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gl

37、oom from gloomy donate from donation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as i

38、nformal. Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 1) Clipped word