高考英语长难句分析

1、高考英语长难句分析 (2012-07-06 22:18:11)转载标签： 杂谈分类： 高中英语 纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。一、 复合从句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want

2、 a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。二、 分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现

3、较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。三、 成分省略在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。四、 改变语序改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语

4、气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现，限于篇幅本文未将其归入。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。突破策略(1) 结构分析法所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。 However, many scientists who special

5、ize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.此句的主语为many scientists，主语里面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。 Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphas

6、ize it in their advertising.此句的主语为some companies,有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。方法二：并列句的处理方法找并列连词 T

7、he hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing. Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.第一句话中第一个and和第2句中的and是连接两个并列成分的，两句话的and

8、都是连接两个并列单句。方法三：主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词 Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.whereas引导了一个从

9、句，即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage, 而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列

10、句，再看主从复合句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.首先弄清并列句，即but连接

11、的两个句子，再看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句，单句里又有一个who引导的定语从句。(2)意群阅读法意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例如：When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving head first into the ground from a height of 10 meters.

12、分析：是状语从句，是主句，是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为4个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。典型例题例1 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植).解析： 此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19-ye

13、ar-old who saved his life整个从句，其中主语里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是至关重要的一步。例2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh

14、 for much longer.解析：此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语即discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非常重要。跳出陷阱1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 year

15、s ago by Deborah Logan“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.分析： 第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine “American Libraries”，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句的主语为This chance discovery，谓语即ended，后面宾语的中心词为a 12-day search。2. The al

16、arm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face .分析： The alarm had been raised为主句，because 引导一个原因状语从句，原因状语从句里又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。3. At the conference i

17、n San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.分析： 主语为Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School

18、in Newark，主语中心词为Donald Louria，谓语为said，said后面都是省略了that的宾语从句，宾语从句的主语为advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主语中心词为advances，谓语为make，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句。仿真演练1. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten t

19、he finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab Polytechnique. 1. 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，它曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。她曾女扮男装只为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学

20、习。简析：本句夹杂过去分词短语、现在分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing dema

21、nd for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作了，也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。    3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from

22、 the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. 3. 或许，表明电脑及因特网的使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。简析：本句夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词为promising“有前途的”。4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricult

23、ural waste.5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.6. Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.7. After their stay, all visitors receive a survival cer

24、tificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure.8. The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghais car re

25、ntal industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.9. Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.做决策像打扑克牌，起作用的不但是你怎么想的，还包括别人对你的想法是怎么看的以及你对别人的看法

26、是如何考虑的。简析：含较复杂的句型结构not unlike = like， not only . but also . 不仅而且10. After all, what lively children wouldnt settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work, and acting, singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day?究竟是什么样的活泼孩子不满足于半天搞普通教育的文化课，半天搞表演、唱歌、舞蹈等舞台训练呢？简析： 本句

27、为反问句，表达语气很强烈。11. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. 11. 他禁不住寻思起来，要是果真有什么意外，除非附近有条船，他用无线电能联系上的最近的人也远在885英里以外的岛上。简析： 本句含虚拟语气。12. I went around to the front

28、 of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached, and my father must have hurt, too, a little.2. 简析： 本句夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词为just about“几乎”；overtime“超时地”。4. 这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。简析： 关键词为other than“而不是”。5. 这些术语，主要借用于英语和汉语，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。简析： 关键词term为“术语”。6. 1066年以前，在

29、我们现在称为大不列颠的土地上，住着属于两个主要语种的民族。简析： 本句为倒装句，并含有定语从句及分词短语。7. 在他们逗留之后，所有的游客都会收到一份生存证明来记录他们的成功，也就是说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时，他们会得到一份证明，表明他们曾尝试过冒险。简析： 本句含两个分词短语，关键词为state“表明”。8. 主要的市场力量在于白领工人的人数不断增加，这些人付得起这种新型服务，换句话说，上海的汽车出租行业发展如此快主要是因为白领工人人数的增加。简析： 关键词为rest in“在于”。9. 10. 12. 我绕到房子的前面，坐在台阶上，哭了一阵之后，我感到阵阵心痛，我的父亲心里肯定也有一点不好受

30、。分析经典长难句攻克高考英语阅读1.For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group.【句式翻译】例如，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句，同时又含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。【词语点拨】1

31、)likely adj. 可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it islikely that 可能做Hes very likely tosend me an email tonight.=Its very likely thathellsend me an email tonight.很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。The company is likely to set up a branch in our city. =Its likely thatthe company will set up a branch in our city.这个公司可能要在我们

32、的城市建立分公司。2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解I cant follow these instructions - they dontmake sense.我不理解这些指示-根本讲不通嘛。We read the sentence through, but could notmake sense ofit.我们我们把句子看了一遍, 但不明白它说些什么。3) appeal to吸引；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于Blue and red appeal to me, b

33、ut I dont like gray or yellow.我喜欢蓝色和红色, 而不喜欢灰色或黄色。Jack sincerelyappealedtohis friends to support him.杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。We canappealtothe website for the information we need.我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。【语法点拨】本句中的than any other，意为“比其他任何一个”，所谈论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用 other。如：China islargerthan any other countryin Asia

34、.中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。China islargerthan any countryin Africa.中国比非洲的任何国家都大。2.The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.【句式翻译】

35、年轻人越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。【句式分析】本句含有“the+比较级，the+比较级”的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。【词语点拨】1) expose vt.揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触We mustexposethisshameful activity to the newspapers.我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。We should allow children tobeexposed tonew ideas.我们应

36、当让孩子们接触新思想。2）manage v.应付，设法对付；管理；能解决；manage to do设法做成We need people who are good atmanaging.我们需要擅长管理的人。Hemanaged tosend thetourists to the airport in time.他设法把游客及时送到机场。Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are notmanagedcarefully.如果掌控小帆船不够小心，它们在水中就容易翻。【语法点拨】“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越

37、越”。如：The morewe get together,thehappierwell be.我们越是多聚会, 我们越快乐。The longershe worked at it,the moreenthusiasticshe became.她越干越来劲。3.She found that kids praised for“trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being“smart”.【句式翻译】她发现因为努力被表扬

38、的孩子比因为聪明被表扬的孩子在考试中表现得更好，更愿意承担困难的任务。【句式分析】本句含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。【词语点拨】take on 承担；呈现He is always ready totake onheavy responsibilities.他一向乐于挑重担。The chameleon cantake on the colourof its background.变色龙可呈现出与其背景相同的颜色。【语法点拨】当我们要对两个人或物进行比较时，就采用比较级，比较级的构成：形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较成分，意思是：“更些”或“较”。Deeds arebetter than

39、words when people are inneed of help.当别人需要帮助时，行动胜于语言。In a word, practice isfarmore important thanbook knowledge.一句话，实践远比书本知识重要。4.Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.【句式翻译】也许更重要的是，

40、你越善于管理你的学习时间，你就会有更多的时间用在你课外的兴趣上。【句式分析】本句含有“the+比较级，the+比较级”的句式，同时含有两个非限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词the time和the more time。【词语点拨】1)devote vt.献身；专心于；常接time/money/energy/life/oneself作宾语，构成短语be devoted to=devote oneself to献身于，致力于；to为介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词。Lang Lang devoted a lot of time to playing the piano even when he wa

41、s a little child. 郎朗小时候就把很多时间都用来弹钢琴。After her marriage, the singer couldnt devote herself totally to her music. 结婚之后这个歌手无法全力倾注于音乐。2）spend some money/ time on sth=spend some money/time (in ) doing sth表示“花费(时间、金钱等)做某事”，其中的介词in可以省略。Every day, most of the students in this schoolspend three hours ontheir

42、 homework. 这所学校大多数学生每天花三个小时做家庭作业。It is bad for children tospend a lot of time playingcomputer games. 用很多时间玩电脑游戏对孩子是有害的。【语法点拨】“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越越”，具体用法第2句。5.He worked there through his school and university years until 1942, a year after he had gained a Masters degree at university in chemistry.【

43、句式翻译】他读中学和大学的那段时间都在那里工作，一直到1942年，也就是他在大学里获得化学硕士学位后的那一年。【句式分析】本句含有一个after引导的时间状语从句，从句中运用了过去完成时态。【词语点拨】gain vt.（经过努力）获得，取得Wegainknowledge by practicingagain and again.我们从反复训练中获取知识。They realized that passing the exam was no longer enough togaina place at university.他们认识到仅仅通过这个考试，并不能确保在大学获得一席之位。【语法点拨】过去

44、完成时的构成：had done，表示“过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before, after等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。如：His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the gift hehad long expected.当她终于收到她盼望已久的礼物时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。By the time he was twelve, Edisonhad begunto make a living byhimself.1

45、2岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。6. By the end of the century, we will have discovered other places in our solar system suitable for living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space.【句式翻译】到本世纪末，我们将会在太阳系中发现其他适合人类居住的星球，并将发现进行更远空间探索的方法。【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，句中运用了将来完成时态。【词语点拨】suitable adj.合适的，适当的；构成短语：b

46、e suitable for适合They dont think this article issuitablefor publication.他们认为这篇文章不宜发表。John wanted to change over to a moresuitablejob.约翰想换一个更加适合的工作。【语法点拨】将来完成时的构成：will/shall have done，表示“到将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作”。常与by + 将来时间，before+将来时间和by the time 引导的表示将来时间的从句连用。如：Hewill have finishedwritinghis novel by the

47、end of next year.到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。When we get there，shell have gonetowork.我们到那里时她会已上班去了。7. In todays world, winners are celebrated and treated as heroes, but if doping and gene-therapy continue to affect the outcomes of major sporting events, the word “hero” will have lost all meaning.【句式翻译】在当今世界，人们祝

48、贺获胜者，并把他们看作英雄，但如果服用兴奋剂和基因治疗继续影响着主要体育项目的成绩的话，“英雄”就失去了它的全部意义。【句式分析】本句是由并列连词but连接的复合句，第二个分句运用了将来完成时，同时，包含有一个if引导的条件状语从句。【词语点拨】1) celebrate vt.庆祝The whole citycelebratedthe New Year with fireworks.全城放焰火来庆祝新年。2) affect vt.影响，感动I told him firmly that his opinion will notaffectmy decision.我坚定的告诉他，他的观点不会影响我

49、的决定。The audience present was deeplyaffectedby his speech.在场的听众都被他的演讲深深地打动了。【语法点拨】将来完成时, 具体用法第6句。8.One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about500-550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time wasattemptingto rebuild the Roman Empire.【句式翻译】历史上有记载的最早的传染病之一发生在公元500-550年，当时的罗马皇帝正在试图重建罗马帝国。【句式分析】本句

50、包含一个when引导的限制性定语从句，从句中运用了过去进行时。【词语点拨】attempt v.& n.尝试，试图William attempted to find the solution to the problem.威廉试图找到问题的解决办法。He was nearly drowned in the attempt to swim across.他在试图游到对岸去时差一点被淹死。【语法点拨】过去进行时的构成：was/were doing，表示“过去某个时间正在进行的动作”。常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, from nine to t

51、en last evening, when, while等。如：What was he writing all day last Sunday?上周日他一整天都在写什么？My brother fell while hewas ridinghis bicycle and hurt himself.我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来受伤了。9. The last few years have seen environmentaldisasterson a grand scale, andexperts are predicting far worse to come.【句式翻译】最近的几年里，人们见

52、证了大规模的环境灾难，专家们预测更为严重的灾难即将发生。【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了现在完成时。【词语点拨】on a grand scale大规模地，大张旗鼓地We should popularize scienceona grand scale.我们应该大规模普及科学。【语法点拨】现在完成时的构成：has/have done，常表示“某一动作或状态发生在过去，对现在有影响”，也可表示“持续到现在的动作或状态”。常用的时间状语：for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now,so far, up to the

53、moment, in the last few years等。如：Wehave bookeda roomfor today and tomorrow.我们已经预订了今天和明天的房间。The househas been emptyfor ages.这幢房子已经空了相当长时间了。（现在仍空着）10. In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes inthe Earths climate - something previous

54、ly seen asbeyondour control.【句式翻译】最近几十年，科学家们达成共识并报道说，人类正在引起地球的气候变化而这在以前看来是我们不能控制的。【句式分析】本句是复合句，含有一个that引导的宾语从句，主句中运用了现在完成时。【词语点拨】1) reach (a) consensus 达成共识，达成一致意见It is very difficult for them toreach a consensuson this issue.他们在这个问题上很难取得一致意见。2) beyond prep. 超过；越过；在较远的一边The delay was caused by heavy

55、 weather and wasbeyond our control.延迟是由恶劣天气造成的，我们无法控制。The beauty of the scene wasbeyond compare.景色之美无与伦比。Linda always wondered what wasbeyond the horizon.琳达总是纳闷着地平线的那一边是什么。【语法点拨】现在完成时，具体用法第10句。11. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites havealso beendevelopedand in thelast five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings andabout the same number from snakebites.【句式翻译】治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤方法也已经研制成功，在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这与被蛇咬