(完整word版)意义一致原则讲义

1、拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来1拓扑教育学科教师讲义副校长/组长签字： _签字日期： _年级：高三课时数：2姓名：刘阳科目：英语教师：张萌课题主谓一致意义一致原则、就近原则授课日期及时段2014 年 9 月 24 日 8 : 00 10 : 00 a.m / p.m. (A / B / D / E / F)教学目的掌握意义一致原则、就近原则的含义和用法重难点意义一致原则、就近原则具体用法和特例教学 内容【基础知识巩固】主谓一致讲解英语中的主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就

2、近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。一、基本概述主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个 原则的支配：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则 。“主谓一致”考查内容涉及名词单数或复 数作主语、不可数名词作主语、不定代词作主语、并列结构作主语、特殊名词作主语时与谓语动词 数的一致等。主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。这是 因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。 就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言， 通 常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1.语

3、法一致；2.意义一致；3.就近原则。二、意义一致原则这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数， 那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来2用单数形式。1. 当主语后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, rless tha n, rather than, together with 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定

4、。在 这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有,隔开。例如：Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。The students, together with th

5、eir teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。The warehouse, with all its stock in gs, was burned last ni ght.昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has re

6、cently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2. 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等

7、词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也 应该用复数。例如：Four weeks are ofte n approximately regarded as one mon th.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。Twenty years sta nds for a long period in on es life.拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来3二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。Eighty dollars are eno ugh for a stude nt to spe nd on f

8、ood for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一周的伙食是足够的了。3. 形容词前加定冠词即the +形容词作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：The young, on the one hand, ofte n think of the old con servative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young in experie nee.一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。In

9、many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉。4. 当 and 连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。例如：War and peace is a eon sta nt theme in history.战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。Chin ese

10、and Japa nese silk are good quality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。Differe nt people respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱。5. 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动 词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有： army, audie nee, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, gover nmengroup

11、, majority, mi no rity, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等，其中 cattle, people, police 一般看成复数形式。例如：The family are all fond of football.那一家人都喜欢足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society.家庭是社会的最小的细胞。The public now come to know the whole story.拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来4人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了。三

12、、就近原则这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有： or, either or，-neither nor , -not only but also 等。例如：Either I or they are resp on sible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。Not o

13、nly he but also all his family are kee n on con certs. 不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会。Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。注意：在 there be 句型中，be 动词的单复数也采用就近原则。例如:There is a book on the desk.There are three bottles on the desk.There is a book and three bottles on the desk.There are t

14、hree bottles and a book on the desk.【典型例题讲解】1. Either Jane or Steve n_ watch ing TV now.A. wereB. isC. wasD. are2. Two days_ eno ugh for me to finish the work, I n eed a third day.A. isn t B. isC. are t D. are3. How many less ons do you usually haver a day?Six less ons a day. And each of the n_45 mi

15、nu tes.A. lastB. lastsC. haveD. are4. Neither Lip ing nor I_a basketball player.A. amB. isC. beD. are5. There_ many new words in less on on e. It is very easy.拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来5A. isB. aren t C. isn t D. are6. The nu mber of the stude nts in our school_ 1200.A. is B. are C. has D. have7. Ma

16、ths_ my favourite subject.A. be B. is C. am D. are8. The boy with the two dogs_ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleep ingB. is sleep ingC. was sleep ing D. are asle9. Every one except Tom and Joh n_there whe n the meeti ng bega n.A. areB. isC. wereD. was10. That place is not in terest in

17、g at all,_ of us wants to go there.A. NeitherB. BothC. AllD. Some11. Nobody but Jane_the secret.A. know B. knows C. have know D. is12. What s on the plate? some eggs and cakes on it?There_ some eggs and cakes on it.A. is B. are C. was D. were13. This pair of glasses_ mine.A. are B. be C. is D. will

18、be14. Both Lily and Lucy_ to the party yesterday.A. i nvitedB. was in vited C. had in vitedD. were in virted15. Two mon ths_ quite a long time.Yes, I m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.A. is B. are C. was D. were(1).B(2). A (3). B (4). A (5).B(6) A.B (8). C (9). D (10). A (11).B(12).B (1

19、3).C(14). D (15).A【随堂练习巩固】一、请用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。1. The scie ntist and engin eer_(have) inven ted a new machi ne.2. Alice, together with her frie nds,_ (be) puni shed for hav ing broke n the school rules.3. Every girl and every boy_ (have) the right to join the club.拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来64. _ (be) e

20、ither she or you to go and atte nd the meeti ng?Neither she nor I_(be).5. An cie nt and moder n history_ (be) the subjects we are study ing.6. Many a scie ntist_(have) devoted their lives to scie nee.7. The old_(be) respected in our coun try.二、下列各句均有一处错误，请改正。1. Many a pers on have read the no vel.2.

21、 What appear to be discipli nary problems are easily solved by very eleme ntary applied psychology.3. Just outside the ruins are a castle surrounded by high walls and huge trees.拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来74. Perhaps surprisingly the main difficulties to realize this dream is neither technical nor co

22、mmercial.5. On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising everything from modern motels toroadside sta nds that sell fresh fruit and vegetables.6. It is the com muni cati on betwee n people, rather tha n the eve nts that occur in their lives, that promotetheir un dersta nding of

23、 each other.三、单项选择。1. Marx bega n to lear n Russia n by himself in_ .A. the fifty B. the fifties C. his fifties D. his fifty2. The life he was used to_greatly since 1992.A. cha nge B has cha ngedC. cha ngingD have cha nged3. Many a man_come to help us.A. have B. has C. is D. are4. Alice, together wi

24、th two boys,_for having broken the rule in the class.A. was puni shedB. puni shedC. were puni shed D. being puni shed5. No bird and no beast_ in the Ion ely isla nd.A. are see n B. is see n C. seeD. Sees6. In the city the old_.A. take good care ofB. are take n good care ofC. is take n good care ofD.

25、 are bee n take n good care of7. His family_ all very ki nd and frien dly, His family_a happy one.A. are, isB. is, isC. are,areD. is,are8. The sin ger and the dan cer_ come to Beiji ng.A. hasB. haveC. areD. is9. The childre n in this class each_new school bag.A. haveB. has C. has gotD. are hav ing10

26、. All but one_ here just now.A. isB. was C. has bee nD. were拓扑教育纳百川，容学问，立德行，善人品专注孩子的未来81-5 CBBAB (16).B(17).A (18).B(19).A(20) D【课后强化练习】1. The n ews of victories spreadi ng far and wide.A. isB. are C. have bee n D. were2. Here_ a new pair of shoes for you.A. isB. are C. haveD. has3. When and where t

27、o go for the on-salary holiday_ yet.A. are not decidedB. have not bee n decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not bee n decided4. Films,_ the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will be on,_ not worth seeing.A. in cludi ng; is B. as well as; are C. besides; is D. such as; are5. _of the la

28、nd in that district_ covered with trees and grass.A. Two-fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are6. It was very com mon that in_ childre n in_ were ofte n see n to surf the In ternet.A. the late 1990s; their tee nsB. late 1990 s; their tee nC. the late 1990 ; their iee nD. la

29、te 1990s;their tee ns7. Your atte ntio n, please? Flight BOE 132 to New York is now boardi ng at_ .A. 10th GateB. Gate 10 C. the Gate 10 D. 10 Gate8. Two_died of cold in that country last win ter.A. hun dreds old peopleB. hun dreds of old peopleC. hun dred old peopleD. hun dred of old people9. -What

30、 can I do for you ?T d like to take_these tomatoes.A. two doze n ofB. two doze nC. two doze nsD. two doze ns of10. I wonder what if feels like to have many children._ Hayes already have three and they arepla nning to have_ fourth.A. The; theB. The; / C. /; theD. The; a11. Many sheep always_ grass here.A. eat B. eatsC. eat ingD. is eati ng12. No