第6单元transportation课后答案

1、Unit 6TransportationText ATackling those traffic jams win-win transportation solutionsTodd LitmanBackground Information1. Sustainability in transportation:During the last two decades, sustainability has become the dominant concern of transportation planners and policymakers. Sustainability in transp

2、ortation means the development of systems that move people and products efficiently while minimizing damage to the local and global environment. Many transportation experts have offered comprehensive perspectives on the problems surrounding current transportation systems: climate change, urban air p

3、ollution, diminishing petroleum reserves, safety issue, and congestion. Nowadays the full range of possible solutions are being explored by transportation planners. These solutions include applications of pricing, planning, policy, education, and technology.2. About the author:This article is writte

4、n by Todd Litman, the executive director of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, an organization dedicated to developing innovative tools for transportation decision making. Todd Litman has worked on many studies which evaluate the full costs and benefits of alternative transportation policies a

5、nd investments. He has also developed transportation demand management and parking management strategies and programs. His research has been used worldwide for transportation planning and policy analysis. He has written numerous papers, articles and reports concerning transportation cost and benefit

6、 analysis. Recently, he was awarded a research fellowship by the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. He also teaches a course in transportation and land use planning at the University of Victoria.3. Pay-As-You-Drive:Pay-As-You-Drive (or PAYD) is a type of automobile insurance whereby the costs of mot

7、or insurance are dependent upon type of vehicle used, measured against Time, Distance and Place.Language Points1. Para. 4: fuel-efficient vehiclesFuel-efficient vehicles refer to the vehicles that can use fuel efficiently and reduce the gas emission.2. Para. 5: by correcting existing market distorti

8、ons that result in economically excessive vehicle travel.There widely exist some wrong ideas which finally make people think they can travel by cars as much as possible without spending too much money on fuel, so by correcting these widely-existing wrong ideas, some traffic problems can be solved.3.

9、 Para. 6: on the grounds that1) on . grounds 由于原因: e.g. Permission to open a mine was denied on environmental grounds. 由于环境方面的原因，开矿被否决了。 2) on the grounds of 因为原因: e.g. He resigned from his post on the grounds of ill health. 他以身体不好为理由辞职了。 3) grounds for 导致的原因: e.g. Drunkenness at work was sufficient

10、 grounds for instant dismissal. 工作时醉酒足可导致立即被开除。4. Para. 7: turn out to beto be discovered to be; to prove to be 原来是；证明是；结果是e.g. He said he was a doctor; but later he turned out to be a cheat. 他自称是个医生, 结果证明他是个骗子。 The day turned out (to be) a fine day. 那天倒是好天气。 5. Para. 10: peak-period drivingPeak-per

11、iod driving refers to driving during the rush hour when traffic is usually heaviest.6. Para. 14: a more pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly environment“pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly” describes policies and practices which may help some people feel more comfortable about traveling on foot or by bicyc

12、le with other traffic. The level of pedestrian - and bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced by many factors resulting from town planning and cycling infrastructure decisions.7. Para. 17: taking into accountconsider sth. when making a calculation or decision估算或作决定时将考虑在内，顾及: 1）It is

13、clear he did not take his familys wishes into account when deciding to change jobs. 很显然，他在决定换工作的时候没有考虑到家人的意愿。 2）We mustnt forget to take account of price increases when we do the budget for next year. 制定下一年预算的时候，我们一定不能忘了考虑价格上涨的因素。Word Study 1. sprawl vi. spread out over a large area in an untidy or

14、irregular way；n. a group or mass of something that has spread out in an untidy or irregular way； an ungainly or carelessly relaxed position in which one's arms and legs are spread out(1) I found a refreshing absence of industrial sprawl.我发现了一处全无杂乱工业区踪影的、令人心旷神怡的地方。(2) Once lovely countryside is a

15、bsorbed by urban sprawl.这个曾经风光秀丽的乡村在城市的无规划扩展中消失了。(3) Suburbs sprawled out to provide homes for the newly prosperous.市郊无规划地向外扩展以为新近富起来的人提供住房。(4) He lay there in a sprawl.他四肢伸开躺在那里。(5) The village sprawled across the valley. 村庄在山谷延伸开来。2. depletion n. the act of reducing the amount of something that is

16、 present or available(1) Increased consumption of water has led to rapid depletion of groundwater reserves.用水量的增加导致了地下水贮备迅速枯竭。deplete v.(1) Fish stocks are severely depleted.鱼的库存量严重减少。(2) Supplies are depleting fast.补给正在很快缩减。3. assign v. to give someone a particular job or make them responsible for

17、a particular person or thing; to give money, equipment etc to someone to use(1) Congress had assigned the task to the agency. 国会把那项任务交给了代理机构。(2) It is difficult to decide whether to assign the victory to Godwin. 很难决定胜利是否属于戈德温。assignment n.(1) I was on assignment for a German magazine. 我被派往一家德国杂志社。(2

18、) If you refuse this assignment you risk losing your job. 如果你拒绝这项任务，就有可能丢掉工作。4. exacerbate v. make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse(1) These problems were exacerbated by central government's policies. 中央政府的政策使这些问题更加严重。(2) The drugs they gave her only exacerbated the pain. 他们

19、给她吃的药只是加重了她的痛楚。5. identify v. to recognize and correctly name someone or something(1) She identified her son among a lot of children. 她在许多孩子中认出了自己的孩子。(2) Never identify opinions with facts.永远不要把意见混同于事实。identification n.(1) She was unable to make a positive identification of the suspect. 她无法肯定地辨认出那名嫌

20、疑犯。(2) His identification with the hero of the book made him sleepless. 对书中主人公的同情使他睡不着。6. distort v. to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear(1) Youre distorting the sound by overdriving the amp. 你把放大器开得太大，声音失真了。(2) His report gives a distorted view of

21、the meeting. 他的报告提出了对大会失实的看法。distortion n. (1) His report was attacked as a gross distortion of the truth. 他的报告受到攻击，被指为严重歪曲事实。(2) Part of the output of an amplifier can be fed back to get rid of sound distortion. 放大器的部分输出可以进行反馈以消除声音的失真。7. cumulative a. increasing gradually as more of something is ad

22、ded or happens(1) This drug has a cumulative effect. 这种药有渐增的效力。 (2) Scientific knowledge is cumulative. 科学知识是积累起来的。cumulate v.(1) The systems cumulate data over a period of years. 该系统积累了数年的资料。8. overall adj. & adv. considering or including everything(1) We have finished overall homework. 我们已完成所有

23、的家庭作业。 (2) Overall industrial production was up compared with last year. 与去年相比, 整个工业产值上升了很多。(3) Overall, prices are still rising. 总的说来, 价格仍在上涨。(4) How much will it cost overall? 一共多少钱?9. substitute for: to take the place of sb/sth else(1) Can you substitute for me at the meeting? 你能代我去开一下会吗？ (2) Not

24、hing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give you. 没有什么可以取代医生所能给你的医嘱。10. compact v. to press something together so that it becomes smaller or more solid; adj. packed or put together firmly and closely; small, but solid and strong(1) Thousands of crates compacted in a warehouse. 数以千计

25、的板条箱堆放在仓库里。 (2) Heat and lack of rain have compacted the soil. 高热少雨使土壤固结。(3) It was a compact package. 这是个捆得很紧的包裹。 (4) Stamp the soil down so that it's compact. 把泥土踩结实。11. intersect v. if two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other; to divide an area with several lines, roads

26、，etc.(1) The area is intersected only by minor roads. 这个地区只有几条支路穿过。(2) Lines of latitude and longitude intersect at right angles. 纬线与经线成直角交叉。intersection n.(1) Bridges are used to avoid the intersection of a railway and a highway. 桥用来避免铁路和公路直接交叉。(2) The car stopped at a street intersection. 这辆车停在十字路

27、口。12. resort n. what you will do if everything else fails; when you must use or depend on something because nothing better is available; a place where a lot of people go for holidays(1) In the last resort what really moves us is our personal convictions. 最终策励我们行动的是我们的个人信念。(2) He couldn't have pa

28、ssed the exam without resort to cheating. 他要不是靠作弊是通不过这次考试的。(3) Friends are the best resort in trouble. 在困难中, 朋友是最好的可以求助的人。(4) The park is one of his favorite resorts. 这公园是他最喜欢去的地方之一。13. overlook v. to not notice something, or not see how important it is; to forgive someone's mistake, bad behavio

29、ur etc and take no action; to have a view of from above(1) We should not overlook this possibility. 我们不应忽视这一可能性。(2) We decided to overlook his mistake. 我们决定宽容他的过错。 (3) The foreman overlooked a large number of workers. 工头监督着许多工人。 (4) We overlooked the sea. 我们俯瞰大海。(5) It was a slight overlook on my pa

30、rt. 这是我的一个小疏忽。 (6) There are plenty of overlooks and trails. 有许多可供俯瞰之处和小径。参考译文解决这些交通堵塞 双赢的交通解决方案托德·利特曼1 由于世界各地越来越多的人能够买得起他们自己的轿车，而且日常交通堵塞和污染在富裕和贫困的城市都变得更加糟糕，我们怎样找到一个更加简单的办法穿过日渐扩展的城市呢?在这里，位于加拿大温哥华的维多利亚交通政策研究所提出一些城市交通规划方面的最新想法和新观点。2 城市交通的可持续性有时被狭隘地定义，关注于一些诸如化石燃料消耗和空气污染的影响。但是，城市交通的可持续性越来越多更广泛地被定义为

31、包括各种经济、社会和环境问题。比如，狭义的可持续性暗指可持续的交通可以通过简单地转换为太阳能或核能驱动车辆得以实现。但是广义的可持续性要求额外的交通系统改变和更好的规划，两者一起来减少事故和给非驾驶人员提供改良的交通选择。3 传统的交通规划将一些具体的问题分派给狭义的职责的部门完成，这些职责包括：交通部门主要负责减少交通堵塞问题，社会部门负责帮助劣势群体，环境部门负责减少能源消耗和污染。4 这种类型的规划趋于无效率，这类规划往往效率不高，因为各个部门针对自身问题执行的解决方法，经常会使其他社会问题加剧。这类规划也会低估那些提供简单经济但获利众多的解决方法。例如，道路扩宽可以帮助减少交通拥堵，但

32、是间接增加车辆行驶，停车成本，消费成本，交通事故，燃油消耗和污染排放。相反地，一些诸如鼓励机动车驾驶员选择更加节油车辆的能源节约策略可以减少总的能源消耗，但是因为这种策略减少每公里行驶成本，也就增加每辆车的年行驶英里数，由此增加了交通拥堵，停车成本，消费成本和交通事故。5 在维多利亚研究所，我们已经确认很多有助于创造更多样、高效交通系统的交通规划改革，因为这些改革带来多重利益，我们称之为“双赢的交通解决方案”。这些成本高效，技术上可行的改革通过纠正现存的市场曲解有助于解决交通问题，这些市场曲解导致过度经济省钱的车辆出行。最终，改革帮助实现了经济效益、社会和环境规划目标的结合，包括缓解交通拥堵，

33、节约道路和停泊设施，为消费者省钱，兼顾选择性、公平性、安全性，以及环境保护。6 经济效益和环境目标冲突的观念是进一步可持续性交通的一个主要障碍。一些人反对气候变化排放减少项目，理由是这些项目减缓经济发展。但是双赢的解决方案可以提供经济、社会和环境多重利益的结合。7 尽管就个体而言它们的影响可能显现得有限，典型地影响总出行的一小部分，但是它们的效果是逐渐增加的。当考虑所有利益和成本，这里概括的解决方案通常证明是总体上最节约成本的解决方案。l 最低成本规划：最低成本规划或一体规划考虑到需求管理解决方案。该规划要求公众参与发展和评估选择，比如使用道路扩建基金来改善客运，合伙用车项目或者汽车出行管理项

34、目。l 停车管理：停车管理包括更有效地使用现存的停车设施，比如：共享停车，灵活的最低限度停泊要求，以及更直接的用户收费。l 上下班出行减少：上下班出行减少项目鼓励人们减少汽车出行。他们特别使用了多种激励方法并支持减少高峰期驾驶，包括更好的自行车设施和灵活的工作时间。l 客运改善：改善公共交通的方法很多，包括更好的车辆和车站，更频繁的车次，降低拥挤度，改善客运站台的行走条件，以及如公交车、交通车、拼车这样的高承载车辆优先于一般交通行驶，由此公共交通出行就更快捷。l 步行和骑车出行改善：步行和骑车出行可以代替一些机动车出行。具备良好步行和骑车条件的社区驾车少，使用公共交通多。l 灵活发展土地利用政

35、策：“灵活发展”土地利用政策鼓励发展更加密集、混合、可步行、趋向于使用公共交通的社区，在这些社区居民很少开车，而是依赖更多替代模式。l 交通管控：交通控制减少特定道路的行驶速度和车流量。典型的策略包括在道路交汇处的交通环岛，人行天桥，以及关闭部分路段以禁止穿过居民区走捷径。这就减少了车辆使用，并且增加了道路安全，创造一个有利于行人和自行车的环境。l 道路计价：道路计价意味着机动车驾驶人要为在特殊道路或特殊区域行驶直接付钱。长期以来，交通经济学家一直提倡道路计价作为资助交通改善和减少拥堵问题的一种方法。l 以行驶多少付多少计价：以行驶多少付多少计价意味着车辆保险费和其它费用直接基于车辆行驶多少里

36、程。这就提供了一种重要的资金激励来减少开车出行，同时使这些收费更公平，也付得起。8 很多交通问题实际上没有这样的改革是无法解决的。许多交通规划者认识到这些改革的潜在利益，但是他们常常把这些改革看作是没有其它办法时的应急措施，用来应付常规办法无法处理的特定的拥堵和空气污染问题。双赢的解决方案使用相反的方法，即在考虑所有成本和利益后，解决方案只要总体上具有成本效率，就进行市场改革，并把容量扩张看作管理策略失败情况下的备用计划。9 大多数单个的双赢策略提供有限的利益，而且也不被看做是解决任何特殊问题的最佳方法。结果，尽管这些策略成本高效且能提供巨大的利益，可还是常常被忽略。Key to the Ex

37、ercises Text ComprehensionA. Answer the following questions based on the information you get from the text.1. daily traffic jams and pollution2. Sustainability in urban transport is sometimes defined narrowly as focusing on a few impacts such as fossil fuel depletion and air pollution. But it is inc

38、reasingly defined more broadly to include a variety of economic, social and environmental issues.3. Because conventional transport planning leaves specific problems assigned to individual agencies that often implement solutions to their problems which exacerbate other problems facing society.4. They

39、 are cost-effective, technically feasible, sustainable and a combination of economic, social and environmental planning objectives.5. A major barrier to more sustainable transportation is the perception that economic and environmental goals conflict.6. According to the author, the most effective sol

40、utions are Least Cost Planning, Parking Management, Commute Trip Reduction, Transit Improvements, Walking and Cycling Improvements, Smart Growth Land Use Policies, Traffic Calming and Management, Road Pricing and Pay-As-You-Drive Pricing. If they are implemented together, they will be most cost-effe

41、ctive and achieve multiple benefits.B. Structural Analysis of the TextPart 1: (para. 1): the author puts forward the question: how to tackle the traffic jams effectively and then points out that Victoria Transport Policy Institute has the solutions to the present days transportation problems.Part 2:

42、 (para. 2 to para. 4): The reasons why conventional transport planning cant solve transportation problems effectively.Part 3: (para. 5 to para. 8): “Win-Win Transportation Solutions” proposed by VTPI to the present day transportation problems.Part 4: (para. 9): Most individual win-win strategies are

43、 often overlooked, but if they are implemented together they are best ways to solve the traffic problems.C. Summary WritingIn “Tackling Those Traffic Jams Win-Win Transportation Solutions”, Todd Litman explains explicitly Win-Win Transportation Solutions put forward by Victoria Transport Policy Inst

44、itute. The increase in the number of private cars makes transportation jams and air pollution get worse in many cities. In order to solve traffic congestion problems radically, transportation planning has to achieve sustainability in transportation, that is a combination of economic, social and envi

45、ronmental benefits. However, conventional transport planning tends to be ineffective in solving transport problems, because it often leaves specific problems assigned to individual agencies which only implement solutions to their problems. Therefore, the Victoria Transport Policy Institute puts forw

46、ard a “Win-Win Transportation Solutions” to transport problems in the hope of achieving multiple benefits. These solutions include Least Cost Planning, Parking Management, Commute Trip Reduction, Transit Improvements, Walking and Cycling Improvements, Smart Growth Land Use Policies, Traffic Calming

47、and Management, Road Pricing, and Pay-As-You-Drive Pricing. Although many transportation planners recognize the potential benefits of these strategies, they dont consider them the best way to solve any specific problem, for most individual win-win strategies provide modest benefits. Consequently, th

48、ese win-win transportation solutions are often overlooked, even though they are cost-effective and could provide large benefits if implemented together.D. Discuss the following questions in small groups (Omitted) Vocabulary and StructureA. 1. consumption 2. conflicted 3. assigned 4. sprawling5. reso

49、rt 6. incentive 7. overlooked 8. undervalued9. overall 10. identifyB. 1.C 2.D 3.B. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.D Cloze1. dominate 2. symbol 3. contrast 4. populated5. finished 6. tied 7. connected 8. exceeded9. along 10. because 翻译技巧（六）词语的翻译（1） 指称意义与内涵意义1在横线上填上适当的词：1）water 2）mushrooms 3）sheet 4）sailo

50、r 5）cart 6）grass， oak 7）smoke，fire 8）thorn 2、汉译英：1）heavy rain 2）strong tea 3) dutiful son 4) yinyuan(prefixed fate of marriage ) 5）fight a fire 6) Water-Splashing Day 7) iron rice bowl 8)Anti-Poverty Project 9) Economy Housing Project 10)a stick of sugar-coated haws 3英译汉：1) 中学 2）爱管闲事的人 3）竞选活动 4）懒汉 5）厕所 6）愚弄人 7）酒肉朋友 8）苦果 9）鸡皮疙瘩 10）落地窗4翻译下列段落。“罗德尼的储藏室里没有骷髅，算了吧。” “迪克没有什么改变吗，算了吧。” “让保罗驾机送我们到那去，算了吧。” 谁是罗德尼、迪克还有保罗？不用解释新西兰人就会知道。罗德尼是该国的一个政治人物。书中的脚注说这个讽刺是针对议会最直言不讳的遏制津贴发放的人。迪克是奥克兰市长， 这则广告发布于他当选后的六个月。保罗是无线电广播节目名人，他