初中语法总结

1、初中英语语法一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esthief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-

2、wives加-sbelief-beliefs, , roof-roofs, 4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, 7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, zoo

3、-zoos练习1写出下列动词的第三人称单数和现在分词 go do play jump swim run put sing dance get have fly study read write look drink eat walk 2. 选择题1. Ben_a new book. A.have B.has C.haves D.were 2. Ben and Mary some books. A. have B.has C.are D.were 3. I some stories every day. A. have B.has C.are D.were 4. I _ ice cream. A

4、.like B.likes C.liking D.likees 5.Sams bicycle _a bell. A.have B has C.having D.is having 6.I every day A.swim B.swims C.swiming D.swimes 7.He his homework every day. A.does B.do C.are D.is 8. I _ my homework every day. A.do B.is C.does D.are 9.They _ their homework every day. A. do B.does C. is D.a

5、re10.Lucy_with her hands. A .touch B.touching C.touches D.touchs 11.Superdog_the boys A.see B.sees C.seeing D.ses12.Supergirl and Superdog_them. A.saves B.save C.saving D.is saving 13.Jack_their cow. A.sells B.sell C.selling D.are selling 14.Jack_up the beanstalk. A.gets B.get C.climb D.climbs 15.Th

6、e giant _boys. A.eating B.dont eat C.eats D.eat 16.The goose_golden eggs. A.lay B.lays C.layed D.laye 17.The woman_the beanstalk. A.cut B.cutting C.are cut D.cuts 18.Her mother _the beanstalk. A.take B.is take Ctakes D. taking 19Jack andher mother _happer A.does B.are C.is D. HaveA. 20.He_the beans

7、in the ground. A.buy B.puts C.put D.buys 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, group, gover

8、nment, population, team, public, party6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, FrenchwomenIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspap

9、er, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book有时也用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year st

10、udents 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the）。I. 不定冠词的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out5用于固定词组中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 6用于quite, rather, many, half, w

11、hat, such之后This room is rather a big one.7用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon。3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5表示“一家

12、人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派名词前the United States, , the French9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s10用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.归纳1：不定冠词1） a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物2） 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个 3） 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或和物 4） 表示“每一”的意思，相当

13、于every 归纳2： 定冠词1） 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物2） 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物3） 上文提到过的人或事4） 表示世界上独一无二的事物5） 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前6） 用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事7） 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中8） 用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”9） 用于江湖、海洋、山脉、群岛的名称前面。10） 用于演奏的乐器之前，活动场所或方向、方位之前。 归纳3： 不用冠词的情况 1） 专有名词人名，地名，节日，月份，年份，星期和不可数名词（一般指物质名词和抽象名词）前一般不用冠词。 2）球类，棋类，语言，三餐，游戏名称和

14、颜色前不加冠词。 3） 名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, any, no, each, every等代词作定语时，不用冠词。4） 在表示家庭成员名称，称呼语，表示头衔或职务的名词前不加冠词5） 表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前。 at table 在进餐 at the table 在桌子旁边 at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里 by sea乘船 by the sea在海边go to sea出海 go to the sea去海边 go to school 去上学 go to the

15、 school（因事）去学校go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 在床上 go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去医院in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里面 in bed 卧床 in the bed 在床上in prison 坐牢 in the prison（因事）在监狱 in hospital 住院 in the hospital（因事）在医院in place of 代替 in the place of 在.的地方 in case of 万 in the case of 就.来说in future从今以后，将来

16、 in the future未来 next year明年 the next year 第二年on earth究竟 on the earth在地球上，在世上 take place 发生 take the place 代替in front of在（外部的）前面 in the front of在（内部的）前面out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 完全不可能two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人（共计两人） a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家 练习

17、1、 辨析正误 1、 误I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good. 正I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good. 析在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词，而第二次提到时用定冠词。 2、 误Please turn off lights before you leave. 正Please turn off the lights before you leave. 析虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。 3、误There a

18、re nine planets around a sun. 正There are nine planets around the sun. 析世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea. 4、 误I live on a second floor of this building. 正I live on the second floor of this building. 析在序数词，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family. 5、 误I want to

19、learn the second language this term. 正I want to learn a second language this term. 析在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应用 a，本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。 6、 误Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 正The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 析在河流名称前应加定冠词，如：the Yellow River(黄河)。

20、 7、误Look, there are Alp. 误Look, there are the Alp. 正Look, there are the Alps. 析具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加s,来表示 山脉。the Alps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe. 8、误Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. 正The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world

21、. 析报刊名称前应加定冠词。 9、误Rich are not always happy. 正The rich are not always happy. 析在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York. 10、 误I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good. 正I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this sh

22、op is very good. 析物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。 11、 误The sun rises in east. 正The sun rises in the east. 析在方向、方位前应用定冠词，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future 12，误Do you know who invented telephone 正Do you know who invented the telephone 析在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠

23、词， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峡 the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 13、 误Would you please buy some food for the supper正Would you please buy some food for supper 析泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。 14、 误I like to climb the mountain in the autumn. 正I like to climb the mountain in autumn. 析一年四季前不用定冠词，如：Spring is the

24、best season in a year. 15、 误Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.正Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me. 析有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词，如：go to school上学，leave school(辍学)，after school(放学)，但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词，如例句中其父母来校不是上学，而是看望孩子，则要加定冠词。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在医院住院两天了。)而：He went t

25、o the hospital to see his mother.他去医院看望他的母亲。 16、 误I bought a same dictionary as she bought. 正I bought the same dictionary as she bought. 析在惯用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。 17、 误The police caught the thief by his arm. 正The police caught the thief by the arm. 析这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处，也是初学者极易忽视之

26、处。在英语中的某些动词，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(击)，hold(握)，pull(拉)动词后应加人，再加介词on, by, in, with之后要加定冠词，再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his, her, their, 等词。 18、误He was paid by hour. 正He was paid by the hour. 析by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为：他的工资是按小时计算的。 19, 误I went to New York by his car. 正I went to New York by car.

27、正I went to New York in his car. 析by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具，而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如：by car (坐小汽车)by taxi (坐出租车)by bike (骑自行车)by water (乘船)by air (乘飞机)by sea (乘船) 20、误Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three. 正Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three. 析在乐器前要加定冠词，而在球类游戏之

28、前则不要加冠词，如：They like to play bridge when they are free. (他们空闲时爱打桥牌) 21、误The little boy wanted to go to cinema. 正The little boy wanted to go to the cinema. 析英语中虽有一些名词与go to连用时不加定冠词，以表示该名词的内涵，如：go to school (上学)，go to bed(睡觉)等，但去看电影则例外，要用go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。 22、误I live at 105 the Lake street.正I

29、 live at 105 Lake Street. 析街道名称前不用冠词。 23、 误Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm 正Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm. 析country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时，一定要加定冠词，而且只有单数形式，作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如：Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries. 24、 误The pictur

30、e looks better at the distance. 正The picture looks better at a distance. 析at a distance意为“离开一定距离”。而in the distance为“远方，远处”。这样常用的词组有： as a rule (照例) in a hurry (匆忙) in the morning/afternoon (上/下午) in the sun (在阳光下) in the rain (雨中) in the same way (同样) in the shade (在阴凉处) in the day time (白天) in the

31、end (最终) on the other hand (换句话说) on the contrary (相反) 25、误The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand. 正The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand. 析这是英语中的习惯用法，如： bit by bit (逐渐) day after (by) day (一天又一天) day and night (日日夜夜) face to face (面对面) from A to Z (自始至终)

32、 from time to time (再三) hand in hand (手拉手) shoulder by shoulder (肩并肩) 二、 例题解析 1 Mr Li is old worker. A a B an C some D / 答案B. 析an用于元音音素开始的单词前。 2 English is useful language in world. A an, the B a, the C the, / D /,the 答案B. 析因useful的第一个音素是j，它是辅音音素。 3 What interesting book it is? A a B an C the D / 答案

33、B. 析这是感叹句，因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。 4 He will be back in hour. A / B the C a D an 答案D. 析因hour的首字母h不发音。 5 There is map in the classroom. map is on the wall. A a, A B the, The C a, The D the ,A 答案C. 析在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词，而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。 6 Look at picture! There'

34、;s house in it. A a ,a B the, the C a, the D the, a 答案D. 析虽然是第一次提到，但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画，所以应选择D。 7 There is orange in the bottle. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。 8 Beijing is capital of our country. A the B an C / D a 答案A. 析capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。 9 If you work hard at English, you'

35、ll get “A” in the test. A an B / C the D a 答案A. 析因字母A的第一音素是元音。 10 He usually goes to school on foot. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析on foot意为走路上学，是习惯用法三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, your

36、s, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no,

37、many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution po

38、ssible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on withII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here,

39、nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，

40、多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, any,。2. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.3 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./

41、Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 5. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词常见介词有in、on、at 、since、 from、 after、to 、besides、except等。六动词 一概念：英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。二种类：（基本时态）一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来

42、时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时三用法：1一般现在时：1）一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。2）句型结构：主语.（包括be动词）宾语She is an engineer.He has breakfast at 6:00every day.3）注意：a)一般现在时通常与always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a week 等时间状语连用。I always watch TV at 8:00 in the evening

43、.They go home once a week .We usually do our homework at home .b)表客观现实或普遍真理。The sun always rises in the east .The light travels faster than the sound .c)表永远性的动作或状态。He lives in the country .4）第三人称单数变化形式。a)一般情况动词在词尾加-s .come-comes speak-speaks work-works live-livesb)以o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词在词后加-es. do-do

44、es go-goes finish-finishes brush-brushes fix-fixes pass-passes watch-watchesc)以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词变y为i加-es. Study-studies carry-carries cry-criesd)以“元音字母y”结尾的单词直接加-s. play-plays stay-stays练习1.填空： 1.She _(do) homework by herself. 2.Jack _(go) home by bike. 3.The giant_(climb) up the beanstalk.4.Her mum _(ru

45、n) to the goose.5.He_(do not)like apple. 6.Sam_(put) it under his arm. 7.The boy_(chase) it. 8.Kitty_(watch)TV everyday. 9.He_(feed)them at 8:00 in the morning. 10.When _(do)he get up? 11.Grandma Wang_(live) in Pudong. 12.The girls_(give) the key to Grandpa. 13.That key _(open) the old box. 14.She _

46、(say) “I like these puppets”. 15.What_(do)Alice find? 16.Which toy_(do) she like? 17.He doesnt_(know)her name. 18.John cant_(find) his watch. 19.Where _(do)Grandma live? 20.How does he_(go)to the post office? 2.翻译我们每天晚上九点做作业。我在早上七点半起床。他每天七点去上班。我们经常下午打篮球。他喜欢音乐。地球围绕太阳转。火车六点出发。5）否定句和疑问句。a)-He is an eng

47、ineer. -He isnt an engineer. -Is he an engineer? -Yes, he is ./ No, he isnt. b)-We get up at 7:30 in the morning . -We dont get up at 7:30 in the morning . -Do you get up at 7:30 in the morning ? -Yes, we do. / No, we dont. c)-He likes music. -He doesnt like music. -Does he like music? -Yes ,he does./ No, he doesnt .2一般过去时1）一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days.等连用。I was a student 6years ago.I went to Beijing last year.They saw a film last night .2）句型结构：主语.过去时宾语例句：昨天他很忙。去年他抽烟了。两年前