ADXZ某公司人力资源评估报告英文版

1、For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 1 1998For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 2 . 3 : . 11 , & : & - - - - - - - . 44 , & . 60 :8 . 72 ( ) For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12

2、 3 & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 4 - Confirming the “future state” vision for NCEs Human Resources organization,- Conducting a current state assessment of the HR processes, organization and technology,- Evaluating HRs customers needs and perceptions

3、of current and desired service levels and competencies,- Conducting a benchmarking study based on similarly sized HR organizations,- * Developing a list of HR products and services currently offered, and determining with HR leaders the potential future location of HR products and services (Corporate

4、 Center, Business Unit, Shared Services)- Conducting a gap analysis between the current HR processes, organization and technology and the future model of Human Resources,- Developing a competency model for the Human Resources group that reflects the future state, and- Developing a transition plan to

5、 implement the future state design within a specified timeframe. s a s a . :* For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : : . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 6 - The HR group needs to deliver products and services that meet customers need

6、s in cost, quality and time.* The new NCE business unit structure will only increase this emphasis - The migration of HR into the new Corporate Center, Business Unit, Shared Service structure is evolutionary.* But HR cant wait until the dust settles and the picture is clear. The picture will continu

7、e to change.* Initially all HR functions will be in the Shared Services group. Beginning very soon, some HR personnel (and associated HR responsibility, products and services) will be dedicated to the Business Units.- Concentrate on what isnt working well, and focus on how to move forward in a posit

8、ive way.* Some of our observations are “fact-based”, some “experienced-based” * The goal is to look for opportunities to change in order for HR to better serve customers, then determine how to systematically improve performance- Learn from the past, move forward* Weve used prior work (i.e. J Team, K

9、BPI, Business Plans, etc.) in our analysis* If things arent working, lets set a new course- Analysis is important but implementation is where improvement occurs* Identify the “big things”, do enough analysis to confirm the opportunity, then move forward* Our team focused on prioritizing issues/oppor

10、tunities and recommendations that can be implemented with measurable results :For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 12, 1997 7 a , : s ? s ? s ? ? ? s ? ? , ? ? ? HR StrategyPeopleTechnologyBusinessProcessesNCE StrategyHR Customers s ? , ? ? ? s ? ?For Discussion Only - Do N

11、ot Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 8s , , , , . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 9A : “” For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 10 “” , ( & ) ( ) t , : “” . , 3 “ ”: Strategy , , , , , “” - ! “ ” “ ”, ! Str

12、ucture , (, ) () t , “” ( ) : , Products/Services ( ) - , , , “” s t , t PerformanceMeasures , “ ” . a “ a ”, “ ” . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 11 : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 12 s , . .02 04 06 08 01 0 01 2

13、 05 , 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 e e sU t ilit yIn d u s t ryN C E00.511.522.53Work SafetyPayrollRecruitingBenefitsPerf MgmtEE RelationsCompensationHR MgmtTraining a 0 . 0 0 %0 . 1 0 %0 . 2 0 %0 . 3 0 %0 . 4 0 %0 . 5 0 %0 . 6 0 %0 . 7 0 %0 . 8 0 %S a ra t o g aN C E = For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate

14、- Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 13 Larger staff and higher cost in NCE HR compared to other similarly sized organizations Ratio of HR employees/total employees: Saratoga Institute*120:1 - (5,000 - 10,000 employees)94:1 - Utility Industry NCE*79:1Many NCE HR professionals indicate that they are sh

15、ort staffed.Reasons for NCEs ratio are inefficient structure, processes, use of technology, rework and error correction HR operating expense per employee: Watson Wyatt: $873 NCE: $2,086* HR expense as a percent of operating expense: Saratoga: .74%NCE: .53%* HR expense per HR FTEs: Watson Wyatt: $70,

16、367NCE: $98,745* The ratio of management personnel to staff is 1:6.2; however, this ratio is unevenly distributed and there is opportunity to reduce costs by expanding the span of control in some areas (ex: compensation), and under the modified HR organizational structure to be discussed later in th

17、e presentation. * Benchmarks exclude Safety, IH, Payroll and Learning* FTE count excluding current temporary employees* NCE data is based on HR budgeted operating expense in the 1998 business plan. These numbers may contain or exclude cost components that are excluded or contained in the benchmarks

18、from Watson Wyatt and Saratoga.* This number is based only on the HR employees who responded, i.e. it is not extrapolated, and includes the 12 FTEs detailed in the HR functional group analyses & recommendations. . , 14 * , ( ). For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-

19、11-12 14 , ( ) , “ ” s . . . ( 40% ) , . , a : , (. ) (, , , , .) a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 15 , . a . . A , : a (. , , , .) , : (. ) , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 16 , - & , , t , , , , , , , , , - (

20、 a ) t , , , , . . Who do I contact?Whos workingon the issue?Risks of policy infraction?Whos accountable? For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 17 - & . . : “ ?” “ , ?” & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 18 - &

21、For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 19 : : : a a “ ” ; , , , .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 20 : ; : : a : ; , , . (, , ) , 1.5 , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 21 - & For

22、 Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 22 : : : *: & : 1:1500 : 1:1333 : 1:330* : , “ ” : “ ” a (, , ) ( , , ) : : $6,970 : $25,532 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 23 : : s (. . ) (. , , , .) a , , : ( $25,532 $6,970) a (

23、) ( ) ( ) , , , 2.5 , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 24 - & . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 25 : : : $163.23 : $183.74 (3 ) : $4.44 : $7.22 (4 ) - ( ) : $0.34 : $4.28 ( 4 ) %: 48% : 82.5% (1 ) : a , , , a ; ,

24、 a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 26 (): : : s . , . a , . (. ). . a . , 1.5 , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 27 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 28 : : , , : : 67.9

25、% : , “” . , , , a : .55% For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 29 : :* , , , * . , * (. , ) . , * a , “ ” “ ” “ ”* For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 30 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 :

26、2019-11-12 31 : : : , , : 2 : (s) , , “ ,” s (: 1992)For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 32 : : s (s) s For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 33 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12

27、 34 : : : (): $3,711 (): $4,910 : .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 35 : ( ) a “” : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 36 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 37 : : : a a ; ,

28、 , a , , , ( , , , , , . )For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 38 : . . . , , , 1 , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 39 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 40 : 1997: : $ 5,119

29、1998: : $14,659 : . (. , , .) : . ; , . & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 41 - & For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 42 : ; ; a ( ) (; ) (. ) , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-

30、11-12 43 : ( ) ( ): , , a ( ) ( ) , ( ) , 5.5 , . (. ) . . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 44 - , , s , , , , . , s ” . “” 12-24 . . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 45 . - , , , , , , , , - , a : . a , : . . & &

31、amp; For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 46 . “” ( “”) , & “” - “ ” & - “” & . : . . & & , a “” . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 47 . “” & “” - “ ” - “” : & . : . . & & & , , . a

32、a . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 48 * . & : , , . a , () () & . : . . & & . . A , “”. * For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 49 : - , . - . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . - a a . - a ., - , . . . - , . &am

33、p; - a . - . . . - - , . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 50 - a . . - , , s . . - , , . - . - . , - : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 51 * . & : , , . : , , () ( ) a ( ) , , , “” & . : . . & & a . 1/9

34、9 . , . a . * For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 52 - , . - a , . , - , . , : a . - . , , . , , , , . - , . - a a . - - . - , . - a . : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 53 - . - , - a . - , ; - s . . , - . - , . - . - .

35、- . , - : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 54 * . ( ) ( , , .) & . : . . & & & . , , a .* For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 55 - , , - . - a a . - . a , . & - , . & - a - a , . - - , . : . For Di

36、scussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 56 - , , , , , , , , . - , . - . - . : . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 57 * . ( ) * , , :* * () & . : . . & & & “ ”, : , , * .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do No

37、t D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 58 & - , a . - . . , , - . - a a . - . - , a . & - a - a , . - - , . : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 59 - , , , , , , , , . - , . - . & - . - . , - . : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2

38、019-11-12 60 , . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 61 : 1) , 2) 3) . , : D + V + D = ( ) V = , , = “ ” - , , = - - - - . - , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 62: 0 = , 1 = , 2 = , 3 = 1 1999Q1 Q2Q4Q32000Q1 Q2Q4Q3 - 8 19

39、99Q1 Q2Q4Q32000Q1 Q2Q4Q3 Service Level Agreement Development and Implementation 1Program Management -overall coordination, pull back of FS, drop low value activities, work on tactical improvement, ensure resources used effectively 1 1 “ ” 0 & 1 3 3 31 - - (s ) , “3” s (“1”)For Discussion Only -

40、Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 63: . 1 2 1999 - , 3 1999 - 4 1999 - , . . 1 2-3 a 1 : ? , a , , , , “” For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 64: , “” . . 3 4 1999 - , , , , , a , , 1 - 1/2 1 - : ? a . s . , , , , , a “” For Discussion Only - D

41、o Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 65: s , “” 3 4 1999 - 1 2 2000 - (s) , , , : . 1 3-4 1 : ? “” (. ) , “ ” (. ) (. ) “ ”, , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 66: a , 1 1999 - , ( )2 1999 - ( ) ( ) ( ) (1/2 3-6 ) (3-4 3-4 ) (2-3 2-3 ) - 1 (1/2

42、3 ) - 1 ( 1 ) - ( 3-4 ) - ( 3-4 ) , , : ? a “” a () , , , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 67: (). , “” ( ) (), a (a ) : ? ( ) a , , , (. . , , ) () a , a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 68 (, , a ) , , , , , , , (, ,

43、 ), , : - . a , , , . , , 1 1999 - 2 3 1999 - , 4 - () , , (1/2 3-6 )1 ( 3-6 ) - , 1 & - (1/2 3 ) ( 3-4 ) - , , , - ( 3 6 ) : ? , , , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 69: , . a , , . “ ” 1 2 1999 - ( ) (. , , , .) , - ( ) “ ” ( , , ) (. “ , , , “ ” : ? a

44、, a , , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 70: . , a . a , 2 1999 - 3 4 - , , , , , , , , , ( , , ) : ? , , , , , , , , . a . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 71: a s a , a ( ) , , a a , s A , : ? a , For Discussion Onl

45、y - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 72 ( ) ( ) For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 73 : , , ( ) For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 74 , , , a , s , , a : CorporateCenterHRFor Discussion Only - Do Not Dup

46、licate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 75 , , , : Business UnitsHR .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 76 (. ) : SharedServicesHR () ; For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 77 - For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do

47、Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 78 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 79 . . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 80 = , a a . A a () a (). .Function AFunction BFunction CProcess 1Process 2CustomersServicesFor Discussion Only

48、- Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 81 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 82 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 83 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 84For Discussio

49、n Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 85 , . . A () : ; a ; . For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 86 :(1) (2) (3) (4) , (5) (6) , (7) (8) , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 87 a a a a For Discussion

50、 Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 88 1 3 ()() 22 Reports the activities of a processUsed to motivate the people and control the processReports the results of a processUsed to control resources and monitor results .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网

51、 : 2019-11-12 893 , . a . “” “” a “”For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 90 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 91 - 13 s - 18.95*: $932,537* - 7 38%* (106 ) * a 40 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ .” = 1.5 = 3.0 = 1.5 “ .” = 1.6 = 3.0 =

52、1.4“ .” = 1.3 = 2.5 = 1.2 = 1.0For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 92 (. ) : “ ” . a (, , ) For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 93 *: & : 1:1500 : 1:1333 : 1:330* : : 19.6%: 27.1%: 45% a : : 5.4%: 7.0%: 3.0% a : 4.6%: 6.

53、5%: 4.8% ( 1997 ) : $6,970: $25,532For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 94 , . ( ) . , , , . (. ) a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 95 s (. . ) (. , , , .) a , , : a ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , a 2.65 For Discussion Only - Do Not D

54、uplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 96 - 3 s - 6.53*: $411,301* - 4 45.3%* (72.5 ) * a 40 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ ( , , .” = 1.5 = 3.0 = 1.5 “ (, , .) .” = 1.7 = 3.0 = 1.3For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 97 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ .” = 1.2 = 2.7 = 1.2 = 1.1 a

55、 a “ ” ; , , , . .For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 98 a : : 24.7%: 21.9% ( ) / $3,342,525,000 (1997 ) a : 29.0%: 28.5% ( ) / $2,713,300,000 (1997 ) : 35,661: 47,288 ( ) / 6,290 ( 1997 10) For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-

56、12 99 , : ; , a , . , a 1.8 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 100, , - 6s - 10.84*: $693,055* - 5 13%* (26 ) * a 40 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ a .” = 0.6 = 2.3 = 1.7“ .” = 0.8 = 2.3 = 1.5For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 101, ,

57、 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3)“ .” = 1.0 = 2.5 = 1.5“ , , .” = 1.2 = 2.4 = 1.2“ .” = 1.2 = 2.4 = 1.2For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 102, , , “” . , , , For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 103, , : 67.9% : 83.7% : 63.9% : $853 a : .5

58、5% : 1:724: 1:791For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 104, , s a , , a () () a , ; a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 105, , , , , . , . (. , ), a For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 1

59、06 & - 8s - 11.33*: $544,646* - 2 6.5%* (5.25 ) * a 40 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ .” = 0.5 = 2.4 = 1.9“ .” = 1.8 = 3.0 = 1.2 = .8For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 107 & : 13.4%: 4.3% : 10.8% : 14.1%: 3.9% : 5.1% : 8.1%: 0.69% (): $3,711 (): $6,934 For Discuss

60、ion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 108 & (): $1,136 (): $4,910 (): $5,832 (): $1,076 (): 51 (): 66 (): 44 For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 109 & (): 37 (): 45 (): 35 , , , () For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 110 & a “” , : For Discussion Only - Do Not Duplicate - Do Not D 精品精品资资料网料网 : 2019-11-12 111 - 14s - 23.38*: $1,172,921* , . - 12 - 12 14.6%* (70 ) * a 40 (: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) “ a .” =1.6 = 3.0 = 1.4