翻译的基本技巧--被动语态的翻译

1、翻译的根本技巧语态转换译法语态转换译法1 顺译法1.1 顺译成被动句1.2 顺译成主动句2 倒译法2.1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语2.3 倒译成汉语的无主句3 分译法一、顺译法 既保存原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。1 顺译法 Translation in Original Order1. 1 顺译成被动句A. 译成 “被 字 所谓“被字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被 字来表示被动的句子。主要表示 这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊， 或者出乎意料。 加上“被 字以引起读者的注 意并表示“被这

2、一动作动作接受者受事者是不乐意或不情愿接受的。例 1： Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【译文】 维生素 C 受热过度就会被破坏。例 2： Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate. 【译文】 花一旦被授了粉并受了精， 植株

3、就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏， 以备种子未来发芽 之需。例 3： She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre【译文】 她以为一切都是公正合法的， 做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套， 跟 一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结

4、姻缘。B. 译成 “挨 字句 “挨仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者受事者不利或不好的句子。例 1： The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。例 2： I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。C. 译成 “给 字句“给也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者受事者不愉快或不愿接受的句子。 例 1： Our clothes were soaked with sweat.【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。例 2： The crops were washed away by the flood. 【译文】庄稼给

5、大水冲跑了。例 3： Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。D. 译成“叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为所、经 所 等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。例 1： You have been wetted in the rain. 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。例 2: The 丫 -rays are not affected by an electric field.【译文】丫射线不受电场影响。例 3： A lot of houses and bui

6、ldings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake. 【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。例 4: It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。课堂互动 1: 翻译以下句子 , 顺译成被动句。1Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 【译文】立功的人将受到奖励。2A program called a compiler

7、 was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.【译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编码写好， 然后储存在计算机中。3Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to. 【译文】翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。4The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material. 【译文】被谈过话的申请人，要求交上必要的材料。5Television keeps

8、us informed about current events at home and abroad. 【译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。1. 2 顺译成主动句A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句子 把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。例 1: Love can not be forced.【译文】爱情不能强求。例 2: Love and cough cannot be hidden.【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。例 3: My holidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surroundi

9、ng country. (Washington Irving)【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。例 4: Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. 【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。B. 改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句 如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句， 那么不符合汉语的语言习惯， 所以常可将英语的 被动句顺译成汉语的主动句， 原文的谓语动词是被动形式， 可转变谓语， 顺译成汉语的主动 形式。例 1： The teacher was satisfied with th

10、e answer. 【译文】老师对答复感到满意。例 2： I am told you are careless. 【译文】听说你很粗心大意。 例 3： The long river is originated from that high mountain. 【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。C. 顺译成“是的结构英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动 有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静 态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是的的句式。其框架为“受事者一 是动词的 。例 1： That ridiculous

11、 idea was put forward by his brother. 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。例 2： The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【译文】美国的学分制是 1872 年在哈佛大学首先实施的。例 3： Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。例 4： The left ear is controlled by the right side of the

12、 brain. 【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。课堂互动 2： 翻译以下句子 , 顺译成主动句1 This is a question to be answered at once. 【译文】这是一个要立即答复的问题。2We are deeply touched by the hero ' s loyalty to the cause. 【译文】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。3 The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages. 【译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。4 The dis

13、covery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science. 【译文】这一发现在农业科学界得到很高的评价。5 Wells and spring are supplied with underground water. 【译文】井水和泉水都是地下水。6I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70 ' s, white-haired, and still beautiful. 【译文】接见我的是一位高挑轻盈、满头银发的女人。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕

14、奕、风 韵犹存。2. 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order) 倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。 倒译法又分完全倒译法和局部 倒译法。完全倒译法是把原文 by 或其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；局部倒译法译出 的汉语句子常是无主句。2. 1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语例 1： Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man.【译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一局部。例 2： Rivers are controlled by dams. 【译文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。例 3： We are

15、brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。例 4： Light and heat can be given to us by the sun. 【译文】太阳供应我们光和热。例 5： At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual. 【译文】一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例 1： Heat is removed from the body during sweatin

16、g. 【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。例 2： Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 【译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。例 3： The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world. 【译文】全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。例 4： 50 laboratories have been built in our school. 【译文】我们学校已建立了 50 个实验室。例 5： The compass

17、 was invented in China 4 000 years ago. 【译文】 4000 年前中国创造了指南针。2. 3 倒译成汉语的无主句将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语， 译出的汉语句子常是无主句。 有时也会译成动宾词组作 主语的句子， 这种译法更符合汉语习惯， 通顺自然。 对于原文中未提及动作执行者 施事者 的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。例 1： Quality of products must be guaranteed first. 【译文】首先要确保产品的质量。例 2： The goods are urgently needed. 【译文】急需此货。例 3： Smoking is

18、 not allowed here. 【译文】此处禁止吸烟。例 4： Children should be taught to speak the truth. 【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。例 5： You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 【译文】书到后应立即付款。课堂互动 3：运用倒译法翻译以下句子1 Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds. 【译文】要到达如此神奇的速度，需要进行大规模的研究工作。2 H

19、elsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku. 【译文】赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在图尔库还建成了一所大学。 3 The matter was never mentioned again ever since. 【译文】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事。4 I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded. 【译文】我是说，如果按历史顺序阅读，那么不会徒劳无益。3 分译法 (Splitt

20、ing Translation) 把原文的主语局部或被动式谓语动词从原文中分出来， 单独译成一个带主语或不带主语 的分句，放在句首，剩余局部再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。3. 1 “ It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. 结构It is asked that 有人会问It is asserted that 有人主张It is felt that 有人感到;人们认为It is preferred that 有人建议It is recommended that 有人建议;有人推存It is suggested that 有人建议It is stressed that 有人强调说It

21、will be said that 有人会说It is believed that 有人相信It is estimated that 有人估计It is announced that 有人通知; 有人宣称It is poin ted out that 有人指出It is claimed that有人宣称It is declared that 有人提出It is described that 有人介绍说It has been objected that 有人反驳说It is thought that It is taken that It is reputed that It is regard

22、ed that It is noticed that It is noted that 人们认为；有人认为人们认为人们认为人们认为人们注意到；有人指出 人们注意到；有人指出It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问It was told that 人们曾说It is supposed that 人们猜想It is expected that 人们希望It is hoped that 人们希望It is still to be hoped that 我们仍应希望It is generally considered that 大家认为It is well known tha

23、t 众所周知 例 1： It is pointed out that there may be as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteins in a man s body.【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达 10 万种。例 2： It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being.【译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人体充满一种愉快的

24、感觉。例 3： During the enquiry, it was discovered that her death had not been an accident. 【译文】在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。例 4： It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and recording of facts is the technique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of c

25、ivilization.【译文】 一般人都认为考核和记录事实是历史的方法，在这种方法使用范围以内的现象就是文明的社会现象。3. 2“ S + be + v.-ed + to-v. 结构原句的主语是名词或人称代词， 翻译时添加 “有人， 人们， 大家， 我们 等，译成分句， 其余局部分层译出。此结构如下：S + be known to-V S + be held to-V S + be considered to-V S + be found to - V S + be thought to-V 大家知道， /人们都知道，人们认为，我们认为，人们发现，有人认为， 例 1： All bodies

26、on the earth are known to possess weight. 【译文】人们都知道，地球上的一切物质均具有重量。例 2： Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room. 【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。例 3：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. 【译文】人们很早就知道油井的存在。例 4： She was much run after in her youth. 【译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。3. 3 译成 “据 字句原

27、句的主语也是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的局部译成“据，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余局部。常见于以下句型结构。S + be said to-V 据说S + be reported to-V 据报道S + be stated to-V 据称S + be known to-V 据了解例 1： She is said to have studied English for three years. 【译文】据说她已经学了三年英语。例 2： The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 【译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。例 3： The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【译文】即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。例 4： The novel is said to be translated