专业英语四级必考语法

1、虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）section one:（general information）第一部分：概述虚拟语气 壮条件句的类型 壮虚拟语气的类型 孔例题 壮其他条件句虚拟语气类型 琵宾语从句 兗状语从句 淀名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句） 兗定语从句琵特殊类型（感叹句） 淀省略if的虚拟法（倒装）并 the rapid chexamples ange of society requires that college students /lapt to the world outsidecampus by getting to know the society.

2、并 i would rather that you did nothing for the time being.wish that i were a student again.5l wished that i had followed his suggestion.名词性从句中的虚拟主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that)3同位语从句fthe +n. that)涯表语从句（n. +be that）省略if的虚拟法（倒装）淞虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether省,从句中需要倒装，提前助动词（系动词）或情态动词。茹eg. if it should rain tomorr

3、ow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting. 発二should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.省略if的虚拟法(倒装)并 eg. whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.并二be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.并 if she had been given more

4、information, she could have answered the questions. =had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions. 虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)详解(detailed points)section two:第二部分(summary)虚拟语气的动词标志"insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommen

5、d, command, order"等动词表”建议、愿望"时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词 要用虚拟语气。should +v発wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的名词标志涯1 “necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语 动词要用虚拟语气。発2名词wom表“命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动 词需用虚拟语气(sho uld)+v o発3 wish作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟 语气(should)+v o虚拟语气的形容词标志3lt is + adj. that 句型中

6、出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词 女 suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用 should + v表 7k 虚拟。虚拟的介词标志sbut for相当于if it had not been forobut for her help, i would have lost my

7、 way.without, in the absence of等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。 without the ligjit and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth? in the absence of water, plants would not grow well.発under-condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.错综时间的虚拟涯

8、条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”,即错综 时间的虚拟。t be regretful now-5lf he had done as i had suggested then, he wouldn，if they hadn t found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. if i hadn" t madesufficient preparation for the exam then, i wouldn' t be in college now.虚拟和事实淞（前虚拟后事实）标志:buteg

9、. i wouldhave gone to the party with you, but i was too busy.if i hadn t been too busy, i would have gone to the party with you.比（前事实后虚拟） 标志: otherwiseeg. i was too busy then,otherwise i would have gone to the party with you.more information涎was （were） +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做"后面通常 but（

10、陈述语气）o5eg.iwas to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam. 比had hop"表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+v。the money.并 eg. i had hoped that he would agree to lend metag questions反意疑问句detailed points 助动词？情态动词？ have to反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语whave to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。 you have to study h

11、ard, donft you? i don' t have to get up eady, do i? they had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didn' t they? she didn' t have to do it herself, did she?助动词？情态动词？ need反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有叱d时，n罰做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need, need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。 they needn't make such a loud noise, need

12、they? he needs the money for his son' s education, doesn" t he?助动词？情态动词？ had better反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better,附加问用助动词hm。 you had better go at once, hadn't you? we' d better call off our appointment, hadn， t we?助动词？情态动词？ would rather反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词wouldo you'd rathe

13、r not do it, would you? she would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldn" t she? 助动词？情态动词？ used to反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to附加问句用助动词did。 you used to stay up late every evening watching tv, didn' t you?助动词？情态动词？ ought to反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should. she ought to go by plane, shouldn&#

14、39;t she? we ought not to laugh at others' mistakes, should we?助动词？情态动词？ must反意疑问句的陈述部分有must,附加问句分三种情况： (l)must do ustn't (2)must be随人称用系动词一般现在时 (3)must have donedidn*t we must book the ticket in advance, mustn ' t we?(必须)she must be in the office, isn" t she? (肯定)对现在事情的肯定猜测。he must

15、 have done his homework, didn ' t he?(肯定)对过去事情的肯定猜测。 助动词？情态动词？ wish反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。 i wish to shake hands with you, may i?人称和数(1)陈述部分主语是”时，附加问句的人称分二种情况: (1)1 hope that-, don't you? i can't believe it, can you? （2）1 will be 14 tomorrow, aren't i? i am interested in it, a

16、renft i?人称和数（2）陈述部分主语是everything nothing something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。 陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody someone> no one、 anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。陈述部分主语是不定代词one时，附加问句用one指代。人称和数（3） nothing is amazing therejs it? something will have to be done about the price,wonft it? nobody is lea

17、ving tomorrow,are they? everyone hopes to get promoted,donft they? someone left their umbrella in the bus, didn't they? one can't be too careful, can one?祈使句后面的附加问句（1）祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用won*tyou o have a cup of coffee, won't you?表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用willyouo do it at once, wil

18、l you?否定祈使句用will you o don't close the door, will you?祈使句后面的附加问句（2） let*s和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况；let's包括对方在内，用shall we或shan't we。 （2）letus不包括对方在内，用will you或won't you。 let后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will youo 祈使句后面的附加问句（3） let*s go to the movies, shall we? let us go to the movies,

19、will you ? let him go, will you? let me attend the farewell party, will you?thw+be句型的反意疑问句 there+be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there,由主语人称时态和数决定。 there won't be any trouble, will there? there's not much news in today's paper, is there? there has been much confusion since his arrival, h

20、asn t there?this/that/it is/was the third time that句型 this/that/it is/was the third time that句型中，反意主句，用it指代。 this is the third time this week he has been late, isn" t it? it was the second time that she had been to the great wall, wasn? t it?主从复合句(1) i think (suppose-)宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；前肯定句，

21、后用否定句。 i think that he is serious, isn' t he ?前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定(i don*t think)o i don' t suppose that she is serious, is she?上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。 they think mary will pass the examination, don' t they?主从复合句(2) i hope+宾语从句结构，附加问句用don*t youo i hope that they study hard, don' t yo

22、u?感叹句后的附加问句感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复 数决定，用it/they指代。 what an interesting story, isn't it? what a funny man, isn't he? how silly they are, arenft theyinversion（倒装）带否定意义的副词置于句首时带否定意义的词111于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。 rarely does he go to the movies. not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her hon

23、esty. litde do i know about the meaning of this proverb. never before the nigjit had i felt the extent of my power. 含有否定词的介词短语在句首含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。这类介词短语包括:in no case, at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, inno sense, under no circumstances,等等。意思为 "决不，在任何情况下都不。“only+状语”置于句首时的倒装

24、 “only+状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。 1) only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak english fluendy. 2) only when i saw him did i remember that i promised to bring him a gift. 3) only then did i know that i was wrong, not only位于句首时的倒装句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部(部分)倒装。 not only did we lose our money, but we

25、 were also in danger of losing our lives. not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully.neither, nor表示“也不”时的倒装句首是neither, nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。 i couldn' t solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother. 二 i couldn' t solve the problem. my broth

26、er couldn/ t, either. i didn t go to school, nor did mary. = i didn' t go to school. mary didr/ t, either.so表示 他是，同样”时的倒装句首是s。表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语需要倒装。 copper is a good conductor; so is silver. john failed in the exam; so did mark. he takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates. i have been

27、to the temple of heaven, so has she.平衡倒装 there+be或其它不及物动词come, go, happen, occur, stand, exist等结构中，为 避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。 there stands am old house that is being pulled down. there existed a hostile relationship between the two families. there are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.such/so型

28、中的倒装 such/sothat句型中such+名词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒 装。 so badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment so excited was i that i didn， t know what to say比较状语从句中的倒装 th沁引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主 谓倒装。 nowadays, with the rapid development of science and tech

29、nology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。 many a time has he given us sound advice. twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents. more than once have we heard him make such promises.as,though让步状语从句中倒装在以次s, though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或

30、状语提前。 （名，形，付，动词） child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong. intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest much as i admire him, i don' t think he is perfect try as she did, she failed again. 虚拟语气中的倒装 虚拟语气中省略“if"或“whether”时的倒装。 were it left to me to choose, i prefer

31、the latter to the former. had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the summer palace yesterday. be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity. 副词至于句首 here、therein、out、up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。 here comes the bus. down jumped the little boy from the bridge. here it (指 the bus) come

32、s. there they went.subject & verb agreement主谓一致集体名词做主语集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种有些集体名词女dcatdex folk、people、youth、clergy （教士）、police等常做 复数看。 the poece have caught the murderer.集体名词做主语有些集体名词（表示总称）如machineryx stationery, merchandise （商品）、foliage （树和植物叶子的总称）等看作单数。 new machinery is being installed in the fac

33、tory.集体名词做主语 有些集体名词女口 army, audiencen class > club, committee> company, crowd, familyx group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public、poultry等根据意思决定，有 时做单数看待，有时做复数看待。 the committee meet every mondayhe is on the committee that controlspublic spending.单复数同形的名词作主语单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语

34、的形式。 this means of transportation is the most convenient one. there are various means of transportation being developed.成双成对鬲东西的名词表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被次pairoff饰，要求单数谓语；否则，用复数谓 语形式。a pair of 远oves is a nice present.my shoes need repairing.my trousers want mending.表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单

35、位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。 ten years is only a moment in history. two copies is enough. three hours is not a long time to wait表数量名词做壬语 numbern variety proportionn majority populationx percent . total等词有日寸做单 数，有时作复数看待，从意思上决定。（分数、百分数、部分） 20 percentage of the polluted water goes into th

36、e sea. 20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this tv program. 不可数名词 不可数名词前加表示数量的复数名词，后面跟复数谓语。 there are two cups of coffee. here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to.书名、鶴名或格言等专有名词做主语如果主语是一本书的名字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。 "gone wit

37、h the wind" is an interesting novel. “the scent of a woman" is an awarded film. no pains, no gains is a widely quoted proverb.学科名词做主语表示学科名称的名词如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics,做主 语，虽然形式上以结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。 in my opinion, physics is a difficult subject. politics is an

38、interesting topic for many men.表示疾病苗名词做主语表疾病名称的名词如diabetes, tuberculosis, measles等做主语，虽然形式上以结尾, 但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。 diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich.（富贵病） tuberculosis is no longer threatening people' s life.就近/毗邻一致原则 there或here引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。就近/毗邻一致原则由or、e

39、ither-or 或neither- norn not only、but also、not,-but等连接的两个主语谓语就近一致。谓语动词多用单数的情况（1） many a /more than one所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。 many a brave soldier has died in that battle more than one question has been raised in the lecture.谓语动词多用单数的情况（2） either/neithersc主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。 either of the methods is effe

40、ctive. neither of the roads leads to the town.谓语动词多用单数的情况（3） each> some、any、no、every等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单 寸£数。 there is somebody on the phone for you. nobody was working when i came in. everything is all right each is given a copy of the book.谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）主语中包括2nd”时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。加：（

41、and连 接两个单数名词前面如有“ch、every, many a, no等） the poet and writer has come. all work and no play makes j ack a dull boy. every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion.谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）主语是单数，后面尽管有with、together、with n along with、besides、as well as 等 引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。 the teacher, together with some

42、of her students , was cleaning the classroom. we as well as he agree with you.one of+名词/代词做主语 “one of+宾语”后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况： (1) (only) one of + 宾语 that复数 (2) the (only) one of 4-宾语 that- - - + 单数 he is only one of the students in our class who have passed the get4 he is the one of the students in

43、our class who has passed the cet-6.谓语动词多用单数的情况(6) none在代表不可数名词时总是单数.lam afraid that we can t have coffee; there is none left none of +名词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。 none of us is interested in the suggestion. none of the students has passed the exam.谓语动词多用复数的情况(1)由both-and连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。 both my mother and fathe

44、r are satisfied with my job. both john and jack have ever got a summer job.谓语动词多用复数的情况(2) the +adj (或过去分词)表一类人需作复数看待。 the old need our care. the wounded are being taken good care of. the young are our country' s hope. the injured were sent to the hospital immediately.谓语动词多用复数的情况(3) ch、sh、等结尾的表示国

45、籍的词，也作复数看待。 the british are very fond of their sense of humor. the french are well-known for their romance. the chinese are famous for their hospitality.the rest of +名词/代词做主语 the rest of +名词/代词做主语时，谓语动词有三种情况： 1) the rest of +可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数。 2) the rest of 4-可数名词单数做主语，谓语动词用单数。 3) the rest of 4-不可数

46、名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。what引导的主语从句由wmt引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则 用复数谓语形式。 what he has told me is not true. what ideas he has are his wife' s.动名词短语，不定式短语&名词从句作主语动名词短语，不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby. to die for the people is a glorious death. when they will

47、 come hasn' t been made public.5. emphatic structure 强调词汇强调用强调性形容词表示强调。（very、utter） this is the very book i am looking for. you are the very person whom i want to make friends with. this is the utter place where the accident took place.词汇强调用强调性副词表示强调。（absolutely only、just） what you have said is

48、absolutely true. i am only too happy to do that i have had just enough词汇强调用反身代词表示强调。（sel0 i myself did it. i did it myself.词汇强调比较级结构中通常在形、副词比较级前加副词even、much等表示强调。 this problem is even more complicated than the previous one. the train runs much faster than the bus.词汇强调i高级前用by far等表示强调。she is by far t

49、he most ambitious student i have ever met. this is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve.词汇强调在疑问词（wh词）后加上on earths in the world等一些特殊词语，加强疑问语气 表示强调。what on earth do you want?where in the world can i find such a valuable painting?词汇强调在否定句中用砒all、in the least等加强否定语气表示强调。 he was

50、 not at all satisfied with his job. she is not in the least ignorant/foolish.词汇强调在人称代词所有格后加own表示强调。 the small boy went to the seaside on his own. they wanted a house of their own. she gave her own lunch to the poor old man.词汇强调 so表强调“的确，确实”。 he has succeeded in doing the experiment. so he has. she p

51、assed the difficult test of english. so she did. the small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems. so he can.语法强调用助动词（do、does、did）强调动词谓语。 i do believe that you can succeed. he does know how to do that they did go there and arrest the murderer.句型强调句型whatis/was结构可用来强调句子的表物的主语或宾语。 what i need is yo

52、ur support. what matters is quality. what was really important was that it brought about many benefits.强调句型 *itis/wasthat/who可强调主语，宾语，状语等。 last year she visited singapore with her parents. it was she that/who visited singapore with it was singapore that she visited with it was with her parents that

53、she visited s it was last year that she visited s with . 另：*it is not until+a time +that. it was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard work. it was not until she told me that i had known my mistake.强调句型的疑问形式 it was purely by accident that i came across the book. was it purely by

54、 accident that you came across the book? it is his teacher that he usually turns to for help. who is it that he usually turns to for help?其它句型 *it is /has been+表一段时间的词+since（从句中用一般过去时） it has been a year since we last saw each other. it is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy.

55、*it/this/that is/was + 序数词+time that sb. has/had done sth. this is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema. that was the fourth time that he had made changes to the original design. 修辞强调通过句子倒装表示强调。请参考倒装一课。 from under the bush comes a strange sound. down jumped the man from the

56、 cliff. in the letter i found a photo.6. gerund动名词非谓语动词英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v，叫非谓语动词, 它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。动名词的语法功能作主语 seeing is believing. listening to music is one of my hobbies. studying abroad has many advantages. getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.习惯用法 a. it is no use / good/harm+ving.it is no use quarreling with her.it/ s no use crying over the spilt milk. b. there is no+ving.there is no denying（the fact） that women are playing an